1.  by
2.  reason
3.  cause
4.  due to
5.  from

• 1. 由: consist of | be made up of | arise | be made of
• 2. 自由: liberty | Freedom | freedom; liberty
• 3. 由于: due to | because of | by reason of | thanks to

更多释义

• 1.这些田地由石墙分隔。
  The fields were divided by stone walls.
  dict.yoduao.com
• 2.这些种子由风传播。
  The seeds are dispersed by the wind.
  dict.yoduao.com
• 3.橄榄由石磙碾成浆。
  The olives are crushed to a pulp by stone rollers.
  dict.yoduao.com

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