• 1. the ruling class: 统治阶级

• 1.The second part is mainly discusses the worship of Buddhism of the ruling class in and after Qin Dynasty.
  第二部分主要探讨前秦、后秦时期氐羌统治阶层的佛教信仰。
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• 2.Both the emergence of the criminal behaviour per se and the rules on crime stipulated by the ruling class are decided by the conditions of material life of the society.
  无论是犯罪行为自身的产生或统治阶级对犯罪的规定，都是由社会的物质生活条件所决定的。
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• 3.Later, neo-Confucianism was upgraded to official philosophy by the ruling class, which made it a rule that neo-Confucianism should be the main content of the imperial civil examinations.
  随后，程朱理学被统治者提升为官方哲学，并规定为科举考试的主要内容。
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