引力透镜公式计算所有的变量，比如距离和密度，对光何时离开背景星系以及行走了多远的距离给出更好答案。
The gravitational lens equations account for all the variables such as distance and density, and provide a better idea of when light left the background galaxy and how far it traveled.
用费马原理推导了透镜的物像公式.
用假设弱透镜焦距表达式是一个幂级数中的第一项的方法，可以导出相当准确且便于实用的电磁电子透镜物镜焦距公式。
By assuming the weak lens focal length expression to be the first term in a power series a simple and accurate formula can be derived for the objective focal length of a magnetic electron lens.
给出了计算阵列透镜配相、介质透镜外形曲线和平面相控阵天线孔径相位的若干计算公式。
Many formulae used to calculate fixed phase distribution for the array lens, configuration curve of the dielectric lens and aperture phase of a feed phased array are derived.
首先由全息透镜(光栅)成像公式出发，推导出了该光路调节的基本原理。
With the imaging formula of the holographic lens, the principle of the light path adjustment is deduced.
根据变分法和ABCD定律，导出了非线性锥形梯度折射率棒透镜中高斯光束的成像公式。
Imaging formulas of Gaussian beams in nonlinear conical GRIN rod lenses are derived from the variational method and the ABCD law.
推理分析了左手性介质透镜处球形界面的负折射规律，并依此表明了常用光学公式仍适用于左手性介质。
Analytic calculation of the negative refraction at the spherical surface is conducted demonstrating that the usual optical formulas still hold true for the LHM lens.
在这两个假设前提下，推导出调焦透镜运行差计算通用公式。
According to the above mentioned assumptions a general focussing lens calculation formula of run error is deduced.
本文用变分法以及ABCD定律，导出了锥形发散梯度折射率纤维透镜新的成象公式。
In tills paper, a new imaging formula for a conical defocusing GRIN fiber lens is derived by using the variational method and the ABCD law.
根据变焦范围，适当选择透镜之间的初始位置。使用本文推导的基本公式可以求出变焦镜头的高斯解。
In terms of varifocus range of zoom lenses, the Gaussian solutions can be found by determining original places between lenses and using the formula derived in the paper.
同时给出了根据透镜的结构参数进行生产技术准备和评估抛光过程稳定性的公式。
At the same time, the formulas are derived for making the technological preparation for production and evaluating the stability of polishing process on the basis of the structural parameters of lens.
根据光线在晶体中的轨迹公式，推导得到了晶体透镜的光线轨迹计算公式。
According to ray tracing formulas for crystal, a set of ray tracing calculating formulas for crystal lens is derived.
从薄透镜的焦距公式出发，讨论了各种透镜在不同介质中的会聚与发散性质。
From the focal distance formula of thin lens, the convergence and divergence nature of each kind of thin lens are discussed in different media.
在高斯光束变换中引入牛顿公式，使透镜变换公式更加简洁、直观。
The lens transformation formula was made more simply and intuitionistic importing Newtonian formula to Gaussian beam transformation.
从自聚焦透镜的成像特性出发，导出了自聚焦透镜与普通透镜相同的高斯物像公式。
According to the selfoc lens imaging properties, the Gauss image formula of the selfoc lens is deduced.
从基点的定义给出厚透镜基点的计算公式。
In this paper, the calculating formulas are put forward from the definition of cardinal point.
详细讨论环境温度大范围变化时，大口径光学透镜径向温差应力自动消除的原理及结构，并给出相关参数计算公式。
The principle and structure for eliminating radial temperature difference stress of large sized lens is discussed in detail. The calculation formulae for related parameters are given.
分析了几种不同的动态聚焦系统的特点，给出了激光束通过该系统的变换公式以及光杠杆比和透镜焦距的确定方法。
The several dynamic focus systems are analyzed. The transmission formulas of laser through them and the way to define the optical lever ratio and the focus of lens are given.
本文讨论了薄透镜孔径对透镜傅里叶变换公式导出带来的困难，较全面地分析了使用该公式应满足的条件。
The paper discusses the difficulty presented in deducing Fourier transform formula due to the lens aperture restriction, and analyzes the desired conditions in using the formula in great detail.
本文导出了高斯光束通过非线性抛物形梯度折射率棒透镜的变换公式。
The transformation formulae of Gaussian beams through a nonlinear parabolic graded index rod lens are derived.
推导出了正交的两组准直微透镜阵列的面形公式；计算了准直光束的准直精度和聚焦光学系统参数。
The orthogonal surface equation of the collimating micro-lenses array is derived, the divergence angles after collimating and the parameters of the focused lens are calculated.
把激光棒等效为梯度折射率棒，得到了新的热透镜焦距公式。
Based on that the laser rod is equivalent to gradient index rod (GRIN), a new thermal lens focal length expression was achieved.
并给出了非接触式、浅近切割式及相切式牛顿环的统一的光程差，牛顿环半径及凸透镜曲率半径测量公式。
And give out the unified optical path, Newton's ring radius and convex lens curvature radius measurement formula of non - contact type, simple cutting type and tangent type Newton's Rring.
基于光线传输理论导出该结构柱透镜准直激光光束的基本公式并给出数值模拟的结果。
The theoretical expressions of the collimated beam of a DHCL are derived by transmission theory, and the numerical results are also given.
对激光晶体的热透镜效应进行了分析并得到了热透镜焦距公式。
Then, thermal lens formula has been gotten by analyzing the thermal lens effect of laser rod.
本文应用几何光学知识对菲涅耳透镜的结构进行了详细的光学设计，推导出相关参数的计算公式。
In this paper, the structure and optical design principle of Fresnel lens is analyzed in detail. The Fresnel lens with the knowledge of geometrical optics is designed and the formula is derived.
导出透镜的等效焦距，主面、焦面位置以及高斯成象公式。
The formulas for determining the equivalent focal length, principal planes, focal planes as well as the GRIN lens law are derived.
建立了平端光纤与锥端微透镜光纤对耦合的理论模型，得到耦合系数的计算公式。
The coupling between butt fiber and cone lensed fiber is described in this paper. A theoretical model is presented and the formula of coupling efficiency is given.
从光线微分方程求得纤维中光线轨迹的解析解，并给出纤维透镜的高斯参数及物像计算公式。
The analytical solutions for ray paths in the fiber are obtained from the ray differential equation and the Gaussian parameters and the imaging formulas of the lens are also given.
从光线微分方程求得纤维中光线轨迹的解析解，并给出纤维透镜的高斯参数及物像计算公式。
The analytical solutions for ray paths in the fiber are obtained from the ray differential equation and the Gaussian parameters and the imaging formulas of the lens are also given.
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