软件成本估算是软件项目管理的关键步骤，也是软件项目计划的难点。
Software cost estimation is an important process of managing software and also the difficult issue in software project planning.
力图通过一个数学的模型，来尽量准确地刻画软件项目计划中各个要素之间的关系。
We try to set up a math model to exactly depict the relationship between the elements in software project plan.
笔者认为，基于协作式计划框架制定软件项目计划并对其进行控制，对软件项目的顺利实施和成功有一定的指导意义。
The author believes that planning and controlling software project based on the frame will be helpful to the implementation and success of software project.
那么到底是什么使得软件项目的计划如此之难呢？
What is it then that makes planning of software projects so hard?
你和你的组织怎样才能够持续地做好软件项目的计划和执行？
How can you and your organization get better with planning and executing software projects consistently?
如果你想要为一个新软件产品开始一个国际性的协作，你可以通过在诸多项目集合网站的其中一个上开始你的计划，刊登广告而很容易地找到协作伙伴。
If you want to start an international collaboration for a new software product, you can easily do it by starting a project on one of the many project hosting Websites and advertise for collaborators.
我认为前一节中的计划就是管理人员(和团队)开发软件所需的全部，但对某些项目出资人而言可能太过基本。
I think the plan in the previous section is all a manager (and a team) needs to grow software, but that might be too radical for some project sponsors.
然而，对于重要的项目工件，我还是会要求正式关闭的文档，比如在先启阶段结束时的远景文档和软件开发计划，还有在精化阶段结束时。
However, I continue to ask for sign-offs on key project artifacts, such as the Vision Document and Software Development Plan at the end of Inception, and again at the end of Elaboration.
术语变更管理（CM）涉及到一个组织或项目用来计划、执行和跟踪一个软件系统变更的过程和工具。
The term change management (CM) refers to the processes and tools an organization or project uses to plan, execute, and track changes to a software system.
在您的项目策略中包含“等待减少”计划将增加软件组织得适应性、灵活性，和生产力。
Including a "wait loss" plan in your project strategy will increase your software organization's flexibility, agility, and productivity.
软件项目很少能够做好计划，作为结果，我们最常见的就是在范围、费用和时间的铁三角中平衡。
Software projects rarely do as well as planned and, as a result, far too often we have to visit our iron triangle of scope, cost, and time.
大多数成功的软件开发项目都有一个项目指导计划，规定谁做什么、怎么做、里程碑是什么。
Most successful software development projects have a plan that guides the project, specifying who does what, how things will be done and what the milestones will be.
管理者要成功地使用多种系统来跟踪委派的工作，如每日计划、个人数字助理和项目管理软件程序。
Managers successfully use a variety of systems to track delegated tasks, including daily planners, personal digital assistants, or project management software programs.
这个计划与软件开发计划和风险管理计划共同作为评估项目可行性的依据。
This plan is used along with the software development plan and the risk management plan to assess the project feasibility.
因此，软件项目在计划和实际之间存在很大的不一致性。
The typical variance of software projects, in terms of plans versus actuals, is thus very large.
没有人在软件项目开始时就计划失败，但是谨慎确实比勇猛要重要一些。
Nobody starts a software project planning to fail, but discretion truly is the better part of valor if things start coming apart.
它们描述了一个迭代的，递增的，引导开发团队实现结果的过程，而不是为一个软件项目指示一个计划-建立-组装的活动序列。
Rather than prescribing a plan-build-assemble sequence of activities for a software project, they describe an iterative, incremental process that steers development teams toward results.
门户软件本身相当简单；只是由于集成的复杂性而使得各个系统在项目计划中花费了大多数时间。
Portal software, by itself, is quite straight forward; it is the complexity of integrating diverse systems that leads to most of the time in the project schedule.
在许多样式的软件开发中，向已经审定的项目计划中添加特性称为“特性蔓延”。
In many styles of software development, adding a feature after the project plan has been approved is termed as "feature creep."
图9：针对迭代、增量软件开发的项目计划。
Figure 9: Project planning for iterative, incremental software development.
大多数软件工程学课本都花费篇幅介绍项目计划和估计，包括类似ConstructiveCostModel (COCOMO) 5这样的工具。
Most software engineering texts spend some amount of copy on project planning and estimating, including tools like the Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO).
项目协调者ATLASElektronik公司则计划在未来4个月内推出完整系统，包括Grex盒和软件并提供安装和培训服务。
The project coordinator, ATLAS Elektronik, plans within the next four years to offer a complete system, including the Grex box, software and installation and training.
JackSlocum在ExtJS博客上撰文谈到了第二个例外的起草计划，该例外将覆盖使用Ext JS API的免费或开源软件(FLOSS)项目。
Jack Slocum continues on the Ext JS blog to describe plans for the second of these exceptions, which will cover free and open source software (FLOSS) projects which employ the Ext JS API.
在这个范围的一端是在它的项目计划的基础上，发布一个应用软件的能力。
At one end of the spectrum is the ability to release an application based on its project plan.
塔塔公司先进系统分部是该项目的领导者，它将与其他伙伴一起负责计划管理、安全、软件开发、制造、集成和交付等工作。
TATA Advanced Systems, as the lead on the program, along with other TATA partners will be responsible for project management, security, software development, production, integration and delivery.
他计划明年将这套软件也应用于其他体育项目，包括长曲棍球和足球。
He plans to roll out the software for other sports, including lacrosse and football, next year.
在一个软件项目中，你几乎可以在任何时间改变任何东西：计划、人、预算里程碑、需求、设计、测试等等。
In a software project, you can change almost anything at any time: plans, people, funding, milestones, requirements, designs, tests.
在任何软件开发项目中，团队试图识别风险、发生的可能性、对整个项目的影响以及应急计划。
In any software development project, the team tries to identify risks, the probability of occurrence, impact to the overall project, and contingency plans.
软件项目经理建立并管理软件的可行性计划。
The software project manager creates and manages the software feasibility plan.
“V1：敏捷团队”的目标是，为用户提供快捷、便利、功能强大的工具，用来对软件开发项目进行计划和跟踪。
Our goal with V1: Agile Team is to provide customers a quicker, easier and more powerful way to plan and track a software development project.
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