地震会在地壳上留下痕迹。
该大陆地壳最古老的那些部分有40亿年了。
The most ancient parts of the continental crust are 4000 million years old.
地震是一种穿过地壳的震动。
An earthquake is a vibration that travels through the earth's crust.
在地壳下面，有许多移动的板块在缓慢移动。
Underneath the Earth's crust, there are a number of shifting slabs or plates that are slowly moving.
地壳运动封闭了海峡，内陆的地中海开始了蒸发。
Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate.
随着时间的推移，地球大陆地壳的组成发生了巨大的变化。
Earth's continental crust has changed significantly in composition overtime.
“信使号”将探索水星的表面、地壳、大气，甚至其磁场。
Messenger will explore the surface of Mercury, its crust, its atmosphere and even its magnetic field.
地壳中含有的这种元素很少，但大多数小行星上的要多得多。
Earth's crust contains very little of this element, but most asteroids contain a lot more.
科学家们认为在大气层下存在着一层由碳和氧组成的稀薄地壳。
Under the atmosphere, scientists think there is a very thin crust of carbon and oxygen.
正如我们讨论过的，地壳由位于熔融岩石的地幔上的大型板块构成。
As we've discussed, Earth's crust is made up of large plates that rest on a mantle of molten rock.
水蒸发留下盐分，形成白色的地壳层，阻止空气和水进入下面的土壤。
The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.
地幔包含的远远不仅是地壳，还有关于行星或卫星的总体构成的信息。
Much more than the crust, the mantle contains information about a planet's or moon's total composition.
第一个预测模型沿着地震断层，即地壳中的裂缝，寻找所谓的地震缝隙。
The first prediction model looks along earthquake faults, those cracks in the Earth's crust, to find what are known as seismic gaps.
这种情况下，我们特别想知道存在于地壳下层的地幔，是否会因为撞击而暴露出来。
In this case, we especially want to know if any of the mantle, the layer beneath the crust, was exposed by the impact.
这一沉积层富含稀有金属铱，以及其他在陨石中较丰富而在地壳中十分罕见的元素。
This sediment layer is enriched in the rare metal iridium and other elements that are relatively abundant in a meteorite but very rare in the crust of Earth.
这些火山没有一个是由于火星地壳板块之间的碰撞而形成的——火星上没有板块运动。
None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust—there is no plate motion on Mars.
地壳的形成保护了地球的内层不受太空中高能粒子的影响，降低了地幔和地核的温度。
The formation of Earth's crust protected the inner layers of Earth from the high-energy particles in space, reducing the temperatures of the mantle and the core.
这次任务目的是弄清楚月球从地壳到地核的组成，再根据这些信息重建月球的演化过程。
The goal of the mission is to figure out the composition of the moon from crust to core and use that information to reconstruct the evolution of the moon.
板块运动是地幔运动的表面现象。地幔是位于地壳和金属内核之间的一层厚厚的岩石壳。
Plate movements are the surface expressions of motions in the mantle—the thick shell of rock that lies between Earth's crust and its metallic core.
在意大利的埃特纳火山，几百度的高温将这一池炽热的橙色岩浆与坚硬的灰色地壳分开。
A few hundred degrees separates this pool of fiery orange magma in Italy's Mount Etna from its hardened, gray crust.
由于巨大的重量向下压岩层，使它趋于在它的薄弱处向下折叠，这最终导致地壳的实质断裂。
Because of the great weight pressing down on them, these layers tend to fold downward at weak spots, and this finally causes an actual break in the crust.
虽然地幔的热岩石是固体，但在地壳和地幔上覆岩石的巨大压力下，它像粘性液体一样流动。
Although the hot rock of the mantle is a solid, under the tremendous pressure of the crust and overlying rock of the mantle, it flows like a viscous liquid.
地壳运动打开了地中海和大西洋之间的海峡，地中海重新被水注满，之后形成了地中海盐丘。
Mediterranean salt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.
另一些山脉可能是由地震引起的，地震使地壳断裂，并移动足够的岩石，从而形成块状山脉。
Other mountains may be raised by earthquakes, which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce block mountains.
从大西洋流向地中海的瀑布不像直布罗陀海峡连接那些海洋时发生的地壳调整和断层运动那样壮观。
The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.
地球表面并不是由构成地壳的单块岩石构成，而是许多紧密相连的“构造板块”，像一块巨大的拼图。
Earth's surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of "tectonic plates" that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle.
所有板块都在缓慢移动，因为它们漂浮在密度更大的半液态地幔上，也就是地壳和地核之间的那一层。
All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth's core.
所有板块都在缓慢移动，因为它们漂浮在密度更大的半流体地幔上，也就是地壳和地核之间的那一层。
All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser sem-iliquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth's core.
若果真如此，岩板拉力会将海洋地壳拖拽到大陆之下，实际上会使美洲大陆向东移动靠近欧洲，海床也会缩小。
If that happens, slab pull could draw the oceanic crust under the continent, actually causing the Americas to move eastward toward Europe and the ocean floor to get smaller.
我们知道，行星研究人员喜欢研究深深的陨石坑，以了解造成这些陨石坑的撞击，以及它们是如何重新分配行星的地壳物质的。
You know planetary researchers love studying deep craters to learn about the impacts that created them, and how they redistributed pieces of the planet's crust.
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