1994年，美国印第安纳大学的鲁道夫·拉夫和他的同事们决定用遗传学的方法来计算进化发生逆转的概率。
In 1994, Rudolf Raff and colleagues at Indiana University in the USA decided to use genetics to put a number on the probability of evolution going into reverse.
遗传学也正使我们对癌症的理解发生巨大的变化。
Genetics is also bringing about dramatic changes in our understanding of cancer.
为了了解那些基因云发生的情况，遗传学研究者们必须找到开启和关闭基因的生物学开关。
Hoping to understand what's happening in those clouds, epigenetics researchers have focused on biochemical switches that turn genes on and off.
但是，如果专利就像在生物技术，遗传学和其它学科领域发生的那样，实际上阻碍了将各项发明组合与再组合，以产生新的产品和工艺，那又如何来评价它哪？
But what if patents actually discourage the combining and recombining of inventions to yield new products and processes-as has happened in biotechnology, genetics and other disciplines?
至关重要的是，这些适应力强的老鼠也给它们自己的下一代同样的关怀，而实际上这正是因为诱导发生了相似的表现遗传学变化，使得这种行为代代相传。
Crucially, these well-adjusted rats then gave their own babies the same type of care-in effect, transmitting the behaviour from mother to daughter by inducing similar epigenetic changes.
直到19世纪20年代《现代综合法》中，孟德尔重新发现的“遗传学”与达尔文的“物竞天择说”相遇，科学才发生了很大的进步，才理解了进化机制。
Not until Mendel's rediscovered "genetics" met Darwin's natural selection in the "modern synthesis" of the 1920s did science take a giant step toward understanding evolutionary mechanics.
但是在2006年1月6日，事情发生了意想不到的转变——TimWestergren和他的朋友们决定将遗传学的概念应用到音乐上。
But on January 6, 2000 things took an unexpected turn - Tim Westergren and his friends decided to apply the concepts of genetics to music.
新南威尔士大学研究人员使用遗传学探针检测了乳腺癌细胞，发现了一些对宫颈癌发生具有高危险性的HPV亚型。
Using genetic probes, researchers at the University of New South Wales tested cancerous breast cells and found several strains of HPVs known to have a high risk of initiating cancer of the cervix.
通过对同卵和异卵双胞胎的大量研究，研究人员分析了愉悦和不快的情感发生中，遗传学所起的作用。
In an umber of studies of identical and fraternal twins, researchers have examined the role genetics plays in happiness and unhappiness.
与之相比，科学家们通过全基因组移植可以使细菌dna发生更有意义的遗传学改变，或可以从头开始设计人工生物体。
In contrast, whole genome transplantation might allow scientists to make more significant genetic changes to bacterial DNA or design artificial organisms from scratch.
至今，许多植物已发现有雌性不育现象，人们对其进行了细胞学、胚胎学和遗传学研究，同时也探讨了植物雌性不育的发生机制。
So far, female sterility in many plants has been found and analysed on cytology, embryology and genetics, also the mechanisms of female sterility in plants have been discussed.
据《自然遗传学》报道，研究人员宣称2号染色体和16号染色体发生基因变异会增加雌激素受体阳性的乳腺癌发病率。
Reporting in Nature Genetics, researchers said genetic variants on chromosome 2 and on chromosome 16 May increase the risk of estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer.
植入前遗传学诊断作为产前诊断的一种形式，可在胚胎种植前进行诊断，从而防止遗传病的发生。
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is a very early form of prenatal diagnosis aimed at eliminating embryos carrying serious genetic diseases before implantation.
该类害虫在入侵时以及入侵后在种群生物学和行为遗传学上发生了一系列的变异，使其成为一种入侵成功的外来生物。
The genetic changes during or subsequent to introduction have led to alterations in its population biology and behavioral genetics; these, in turn, have promoted the invasive success of RIFA.
研究组的学生已经开始实施项目的第一阶段，采用遗传学方法使得生物体获得发生物冷光的特性。
The students have taken the first step on this road by developing genetic tools that allow bioluminescence traits to be easily transferred into an organism.
用分子细胞生物学、生物化学、遗传学等手段研究肿瘤细胞内的信号传导通路与肿瘤发生机理；筛选肿瘤治疗特异性靶标与新药开发。
Using molecular cell biology, biochemistry, genetics and other approaches to study the signal transduction pathways in cancers and establish tumor targeting strategy for drug development.
结论鱼鳞病可合并神经系统疾病，其机制尚不明了，可能与发生学和遗传学有关。
Conclusion Ichthyosis patients maybe complicated with nervous system diseases, but its mechanism remains unknown. It may be related to phylogenetics and genetics.
在这些发生了表观遗传学改变的基因中，有一些可以影响食欲控制等行为。
Among the genes that are epigenetically altered are those that affect such behaviors as appetite control.
在胃癌的发生过程中表观遗传学的作用越来越受到人们的重视，特别是DNA甲基化改变的临床价值已被广泛接受。
More and more researchers start to focus on epigenetics changes in gastric cancer. The clinical value of DNA methylation changes was recongized widely.
与此同时，越来越多的研究表明，对于肿瘤干细胞的发生与功能维持，表观遗传学的调控机制可能发挥着极其重要的作用。
At the same time, more and more studies have suggested that epigenetic regulation may play important roles in cancer stem cell development.
临床遗传学研究，证明遗传因素在本病的发生中起一定的作用。
Clinical Genetics, proof of genetic factors in the occurrence of the disease play a role.
表遗传学是研究在DNA序列没有改变的情况下，所发生的可遗传性基因表达的改变，其中DNA甲基化是研究最多、最深入的一种表遗传学表达机制。
Epigenetics is the study of genetic changes in gene expression without the sequence change of DNA, in which DNA methylation is one of the most widely studied epigenetic mechanism.
表遗传学是研究在DNA序列没有改变的情况下，所发生的可遗传性基因表达的改变，其中DNA甲基化是研究最多、最深入的一种表遗传学表达机制。
Epigenetics is the study of genetic changes in gene expression without the sequence change of DNA, in which DNA methylation is one of the most widely studied epigenetic mechanism.
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