“巴基鲸”化石由一个原细胞的完整头盖骨所组成，这是现代鲸类祖先中已经灭绝的一个物种。
The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans.
他们从实验人工“原细胞”开始。
原细胞只有进化了，才称得上是活细胞。
For only if the protocells can evolve might they merit status as living cells.
相反的，纤维原细胞也发出信号的刺激肿瘤的细胞生长。
The fibroblasts, in turn, send signals to the tumor cells to stimulate their growth.
FLT3L是通过t细胞和基质纤维原细胞产生(1,2)。
FLT3L is produced by t cells and stromal fibroblasts (1, 2).
在这三个例子中，纤维原细胞均产生了成熟的棕色脂肪细胞。
In all three cases, the fibroblasts produced mature brown fat cells.
最近的研究也显示，肿瘤微环境中的纤维原细胞也会自己突变。
Recent studies suggest, too, that the fibroblasts in a tumor microenvironment begin to acquire mutations of their own.
肿瘤细胞发出信号来刺激形成支架细胞的生长，即纤维原细胞。
Tumor cells send signals to stimulate the growth of the cells that form the scaffold in which the tumor cells grow, known as fibroblasts.
在光镜下难以根据性原细胞的形态和大小区分卵原细胞和精原细胞。
It was difficult to distinguish oogonium from spermatogonium according to the shape and size of gonium under light microscope.
然而在这个实验中，两个原细胞之间的细胞膜太厚以致不能促成这种移动。
In this case, however, the membrane between the protocells was too thick to permit much of this kind of movement.
通过回放斑马鱼胚胎的录像，研究者可追寻出组成特定组织比如它眼球上的视网膜的原细胞。
By rewinding the video of a zebrafish embryo, the researchers were able to trace the origin of cells that formed specific tissues, such as the retina at the back of the eye.
但是如果把这种化学信号加到老鼠身上，形成的组合却能够保护被称之为造血原细胞的干细胞。
But by jamming these signals in mice, the team was able to protect the stem cells, called hematopoietic progenitor cells.
他们从人造“原细胞”着手，这些像真细胞的“人造细胞”外部被一层脂肪膜所包围。
They began by experimenting on artificial "protocells". These, like real cells, were surrounded by membranes made of fatty molecules.
路易吉·路易西认为先有膜：膜能将最初的原细胞包起来，并使其重要化学成分集中起来。
Luigi Luisi favored the membrane first: it would hold a primitive "protocell" together and keep its vital chemicals concentrated.
移植后6一8周，两接合端已有骨小梁连接，异体骨皮质周围骨原细胞和成骨细胞生长活跃；
By the 6-8 week, there has been bone trabecula joining the two union sites, osteogenic cell and osteoblast grew briskly around the cortex of allograft.
已经被复制的染色体则又被重新送回到了原细胞的细胞核中，这样做以前一向被认为是不可能的。
Duplicate chromosomes were sent back to the center of the original cell, an event once thought impossible.
当蛋白质结构层密度足够防止细胞渗透进人造血管时，研究人员会在其表面覆盖一层纤维原细胞片。
Then the researchers layered another sheet of fibroblasts on the outside of this scaffold, which is dense enough to prevent the cells from easily migrating to the inside of the engineered vessel.
研究组考虑到两个途径，如果上述过程进展顺利，将见证达尔文主义的自然选择力改变原细胞行为。
The team sees two ways, if the above steps work, to witness selective, Darwinian pressure alter protocell behavior.
胎龄30周的股骨远端，骨化中心呈现团块状成群的骨原细胞和成骨细胞，嗜碱性的类骨质填充于细胞间；
At the distal part of femur in fetus age of 30 weeks, a cluster of lump-like osteogenic cell, osteoblast and basophlous osteoid filled among cells appeared at the secondary ossification center.
本研究利用幼鼠神经祖原细胞实验，证明了DHA和乌龙茶萃取物具有促进神经祖原 细胞增殖和分化的活性。
Taken together, our study showed that DHA and two compounds isolated from oolong tea promoted EGF-responsive neural progenitor cells to proliferation and differentiation.
不过绍斯塔克能够确定，若有充足的时间做充足的尝试，按他的通式造出的原细胞将进化出新的特征，进而胜过其他细胞。
But Szostak is sure that, given enough time and enough trials, protocells made with his general formula will almost certainly evolve new characteristics that give them an edge over others.
这些类似真细胞的“原细胞”被油脂分子包围。膜上浮动的的蛋白只会让某些离子通过。利用这个系统，研究人员发现他们可以将电鳗的发电机能复制出来。
These, like real cells, were surrounded by membranes made of fatty molecules. Proteins "floating" in the membranes would let only certain ions pass.
之后将切片卷起促使细胞产生一种由结构支撑蛋白组成的混合物，即胶原及弹性蛋白。 纤维原细胞的问题在于它们会转化为平滑的肌肉细胞，最终将血管堵塞。
They then roll up the sheet and allow the cells to produce an interpenetrating mixture of structural support proteins, known as collagen and elastin.
在具有原病理敏感性的皮肤区域的这种反应并不比在进化程度更高的表皮细胞区域更强烈。
This reaction was no greater in the area of skin with protopathic sensibility than it was in the area of the more evolved epicritic.
这些分子会”通知“血液中的凝血剂，并聚集起两种在血液中循环的成分----称为血小板的细胞碎片和称为纤维蛋白原的可溶性蛋白分子。
They round up cellular fragments known as platelets, along with molecules of a soluble protein called fibrinogen, both of which circulate in the bloodstream.
这些分子会”通知“血液中的凝血剂，并聚集起两种在血液中循环的成分----称为血小板的细胞碎片和称为纤维蛋白原的可溶性蛋白分子。
They round up cellular fragments known as platelets, along with molecules of a soluble protein called fibrinogen, both of which circulate in the bloodstream.
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