显然，该地区有一些低空云层，但主要是飞行员和空中交通管制员之间的沟通失误。
Apparently, there were some low clouds in the area, but mostly it was just miscommunication between the pilots and the air traffic controllers.
该协会还表示，必须提高机组人员和空中交通管制员的培训标准，因为空中交通越来越拥挤。
The association also said that standards of training must be raised among flight crews and air traffic controllers as the sky has become ever more crowded.
许多人认为，空中交通管制系统是由一排坐在美国机场雷达屏幕前的管制员组成的，他们告诉到达和离开的航班该做什么。
Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do.
但这却给管制员的工作带来了困难。
管制员按照特定的规则和程序引导飞机沿指定航路飞行。
Each of these controllers follows specific rules and procedures while directing fights through designated airways.
飞行员通过一个高度严格的系统通知管制员他们计划飞往何处。
Pilots inform controllers via a highly structured system where they plan to fly.
如果我为空中交通管制员构建一个系统，我可能希望制定不同的架构决策。
If I were building a system for air traffic controllers, I'd probably want to make a different architectural decision.
管制员的工作记忆是随着经验、任务需要和时间压力而改变的。
The capacity of controllers' working memories, thus, varies depending on (at least) experience, task demands, and time pressure.
在一些小机场，通用航空的合同制空中交通管制员在管制塔工作。
The towers are staffed by contract air traffic controllers at small airports that specialize in general aviation.
100英尺以下的区域有两条正常的航道，该区域不受空中交通管制员的管理。
The region under 1, 100 feet has two regular lanes and isn't managed by air traffic controllers.
这些人员反馈信息给航路管制员，同时也负责传递管制指令给飞行员。
These individuals fed information to the en route controllers and also relayed their instructions to pilots.
管制员通常以牺牲容量为代价来保障安全，结果造成大量的交通延误。
Controllers usually maintain traffic safety by sacrificing airport or airspace capacity, which results in severe traffic delays.
一旦你得到了这个技巧，对于那些高水平的管制员会觉得它非常过瘾。
Once you finally get this technique down, it becomes quite addictive for those select few controllers that gain above average skills.
高级空中交通管制员贾布-恩古班证实马特萨法机场出了严重的问题。
Jabu ngubane a senior air traffic controller confirmed severe problems at matsapha airport.
上图展示了飞行员与管制员在正常商业飞行的每一阶段相互配合的过程。
The above interactive graphic shows pilot and air traffic controller interact during each phase of a typical commercial flight profile.
同时，也不得在正式管制员与飞行员通讯的频率上进行文字和语音通讯。
You are also not allowed to communicate on any text or voice frequency in use by pilots and regular ATC.
航空管制员负责指挥商用航空公司航班的航线，他们批准并控制航班的轨道。
Air traffic controllers are responsible for directing the flow of commercial airline flights. They authorize and regulate the pathways of flights.
一份最新公布的文件包含了空中交通管制员的录音，军事飞行员和其他人对突发事件的反应。
A newly released document includes recordings of air traffic controllers, military pilots and others reacting to the fast-moving events.
这些例子都是由于在时间的压力下管制员的认知和视野变窄后可以预见到的表现。
Both examples are performance outcomes that can be predicted from what we know about cognitive narrowing or tunnel vision under time pressure.
虽然一般来讲，交通管制员对飞机着陆是否安全最有发言权，但他们可以留待飞行员自行判断。
While traffic controllers generally have the final word in whether it is safe for a plane to land, they can and do leave it to the pilots' discretion.
管制员应当寻找那些使他们工作更加缓慢或减少准确的东西，并避免这些行为或习惯。
Controllers should look for anything that makes them perform more slowly or less accurately than usual and avoid these behaviors or habits.
落地：飞行员从机场塔台的进场管制员处得到落地许可，操作飞机降落在预订跑道上。
Landing: the pilot receives landing clearance from the Local Controller in the airport's control tower to landing on a designated runway.
例如，工作记忆可以支持管制员的思维并更新当前和计划的对空中交通管制形势的估计。
For example, working memory supports the controller's building and updating of the current and projected assessments of the ATC situation.
从航空管制员到艺术总监，从葬礼经理到护林员，有很多工作都能带来比预期多得多的薪水。
From air traffic controllers to art directors, funeral managers to foresters, there is a varied range of jobs that bring in much more money than one might expect.
作为培养管制员后备人才的高等院校，应加强在校学生的管制员技能和专业素质的实践教学。
Civil Aviation Flight University of China should strengthen practice teaching in such aspects as the skills of control and special quality of students.
作为培养管制员后备人才的高等院校，应加强在校学生的管制员技能和专业素质的实践教学。
Civil Aviation Flight University of China should strengthen practice teaching in such aspects as the skills of control and special quality of students.
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