什么样的遗传突变产生了多细胞的动物还不清楚。
What genetic change allowed multicellular animals to come into existence remains obscure.
与生命本身的起源相比，多细胞生命形态的起源似乎是相对简单的一步。
The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself.
保存一小瓶细胞，该细胞可在无菌条件下再生，这要比保存小动物容易的多，对吗？
Much easier to keep a flask of cells under very sterile, very reproducible conditions than it is to keep a small animal, right?
有迹象表明，多效性植物激素实际上可能通过激活酶来发挥作用，这些酶从细胞壁释放出这些更为特殊的化学信使。
There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may actually function by activating the enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical messengers from the cell wall.
其中一个理论说，大细胞生物、很可能还有多细胞生物死后沉入海底所散发的气体导致了这个冰河期的出现。
One theory is that the glaciation was triggered by the evolution of large cells, and possibly also multicellular organisms, that sank to the seabed after dying.
“杀手海草的袭击”听起来可能像无关痛痒的轻轻拍击，谈不上恐怖。可是对于许多珊瑚物种来说，残酷的多细胞海藻成为真正的凶犯。
"Attack of the killer seaweed" may sound like a cheesy horror flick, but for many coral species, murderous multicellular algae have become real-life villains.
毫无疑问，几乎所有的多细胞生物中都发现了癌症，这暗示着癌症的起源可以追溯到数百万年前。
Sure enough, cancer is found in almost all multicellular organisms, suggesting its origins stretch back hundreds of millions of years.
同时细菌也没闲着，产生信号阻碍真菌的繁殖，阻止其从单细胞的形式转化成分枝的多细胞真菌。
The bacterium, meanwhile, produces signals that keep the yeast's growth in check, preventing it from transforming itself from a single-celled yeast into a branching, multicellular fungus.
基因从一种有机体横向转移到另一有机体的现象是少见的，尤其是在多细胞生物之间更是如此，他说，但这也可能是湖鲟生物进化进程的一个组成部分。
Lateral gene transfer from one organism to another is rare, especially in multicellular animals, he said, but could be part of some evolutionary process for the sturgeon.
细菌的味觉并不像那些拥有鼻子的多细胞生物，但它可能是一种原始的形式，随后进化成了多细胞生物那种形式的味觉。
Bacteria don't smell like multicellular organisms that have noses, but it could be a primitive form of what developed later.
地球深层多细胞生物的发现，对于在太阳系其它行星寻找地下生命也有重要的启示。
The discovery of multicellular life in the deep subsurface of the Earth also has important implications for the search for subsurface life on other planets in our solar system.
如果真的是这样，那么，现代领鞭虫就给了我们一个窥探多细胞生物如何形成的机会。
If that's true, modern choanoflagellates give us a glimpse of how multicellular animals began.
与在化石记录14亿年前出现的称为Grypaniaspiralis的第一种真正的多细胞生物相比，这些标本还要更早。
The specimens predate the first truly multicellular organism, called Grypania spiralis, which appeared in the fossil record 1.4 billion years ago.
这些样本采集处距海面有两英里深，科学家们却从中发现了3中截然不同的微小多细胞生物，他们把这种门类称作Loricifera。
And in these sediments, from almost two miles below the ocean's surface, they found three distinct species of a tiny multicellular animal phylum called Loricifera.
但这之后又经过了14亿年才出现了最早的多细胞生命体——卷曲藻(Grypania)的化石记录。
But it was another 1.4 billion years before the first truly multicellular organism, called Grypania spiralis, appears in the fossil record.
研究人员在深海首次发现一种生活在完全无氧环境中的多细胞生物，他们将这种生物命名为Loricifera。
Researchers have found in the deep ocean the first-known kinds of multicellular organisms, dubbed Loricifera, that live completely oxygen-free. Cynthia Graber reports.
人们对于iPS细胞，或者干细胞的密切关注，多源于其可以代替受损或患病组织的潜力。
Much of the excitement over iPS cells, and stem cells in general, arises from the possibility that they could replace damaged or diseased tissue.
20亿年前的古老化石可能是地球上最早的多细胞生物。
2-billion-year-old Fossils May Be Earliest Known Multicellular life.
成为多细胞生物意味着氧需要通过细胞而不只是通过机体的表面。
Being multicelluar means oxygen has to get to cells not on the surface of the organism.
然而与进化上更古老的单细胞生物如细菌相比这些多细胞生命面临着一个非常不同的生理挑战。
But there was still a very different physiological challenge for these organisms than for the more evolutionarily ancient single-celled organisms such as bacteria.
她对蓝莓多酚是否在脂肪细胞的分化（相对没特化的细胞获得脂肪细胞的具体特征的过程）中起作用进行了研究。
She tested whether the blueberry polyphenols played a role in adipocyte differentiation, which is the process where a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an adipocyte.
胚胎干细胞有变成任意类型细胞的潜能，这种特性叫多潜能。
Embryonic stem cells have the potential to be any type of cells, a characteristic known as pluripotency.
科学家还认为，这种药草有比其他植物多10至20倍的褪黑激素：它是一种可能抑制癌细胞增长的抗氧化剂。
The scientists also report that this herb has 10 to 20 times more melatonin -- an antioxidant that may inhibit cancer growth -- than any other fruit or vegetable tested.
她使用来自实验用老鼠的组织培养来做试验，给予不同剂量的蓝莓多酚看它们对脂肪细胞分化的影响。
She experimented on tissue cultures taken from lab mice, giving each different doses of blueberry polyphenols to see their effect on adipocyte differentiation.
耐多药(mdr)蛋白最为人知的是有助于癌细胞排出抗癌药物(因而得名)，但是也会输送化合物出入正常的细胞。
Multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins are best known for helping cancer cells expel anticancer drugs - hence their name - but they also ferry compounds in and out of normal cells.
研究的目的是要看这些植物多酚是否能够对抗动物如人的脂肪细胞。
The idea is to see if these plant polyphenols could be translated into fighting fat cells in animals, i.e. humans.
他富含一种叫做多酚的化学物质，其可以减少自由基从而降低细胞和DNA损害。
It contains chemicals called polyphenols that reduce the presence of free radicals, which cause cell and DNA damage.
多细胞生物需要身体中大部分的细胞采取极大的达尔文牺牲，牺牲其本身的繁殖。
Multicellularity requires most of the cells in a body to make the supreme Darwinian sacrifice, by giving up reproducing.
多细胞生物需要身体中大部分的细胞采取极大的达尔文牺牲，牺牲其本身的繁殖。
Multicellularity requires most of the cells in a body to make the supreme Darwinian sacrifice, by giving up reproducing.
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