第四十三条国家实行药品储备制度。
Article 43 a pharmaceutical reserve system shall be carried out by the State.
第四十六条国家建立战略物资储备制度。
Article 46 The State institutes a system for reserving strategic material.
研究目的：为小城市实施土地储备制度提供有益借鉴。
The purpose of the paper is to contribute to implementation of land purchase and reserve system in small cities.
1998年张北地震后，全国建立了救灾物资储备制度。
After Zhangbei earthquake in 1998, the reserve system of rescue materials was established in whole country.
实行土地储备制度是解决上述问题、调控土地市场的有效手段。
Setting up urban land reserve is one effective way to solve those problems and control the land market better.
为了更好的实行这项制度，本文致力于完善土地收购储备制度。
For more successfully carrying the institution, this paper makes great efforts into perfecting execution of urban land reserve and purchase institution.
因此，建立城市土地储备制度具有不以人们意志为转移的必然性。
Thus, the setup of urban land reserve system has the certainty, which cannot be changed by human will power.
因此，建立城市土地储备制度具有不以人们意志为转移的必然性。
Therefore, the establishment of urban land reserve system is not independent of man's will transfer inevitability.
建立煤炭资源战略储备制度，对特殊和稀缺煤种实行保护性开发。
A strategic storage system of coal resources shall be established, and protective exploitation shall be conducted to the special and rare coal categories.
土地资金的良性循环是顺利实施城市土地收购储备制度的必要保障。
Positive cycle of land capital is the guarantee of practicing urban land reserve and purchasing institution.
用诺思的制度变迁理论可以较好地解释中国土地收购储备制度的建立。
North's theories of Institutional Change can goodly explain the establishment of China's land reserve system.
理所当然地他们又开始建立起部分储备制度，而这一点正是现代银行的主要特征。
They started the fractional reserve system which is the central feature of modern Banks.
然后从我国建立土地收购储备制度的目的和意义来论述其成立的现实原因；
Secondly, the thesis discusses the realistic founding reasons from the purpose and the importance of setting up the Chinese institution of the land banking.
但是我国城市土地储备制度建设尚处于试点和起步阶段，理论和实践上荏苒面临不少问题。
But our urban land bank system is still in its pilot phase. Both theory and practices are still faced with many problems.
经济评价作为一种重要而有效的检验手段，对考察土地储备制度运行的实效具有十分重要的作用。
Being one kind of important and effective management tool, the economic evaluation method contributes greatly in examining the effectiveness of running of land reserve system.
本文拟分析当前我国土地储备制度运行中存在的问题及产生的原因，并在此基础上提出几点对策。
This article plans to analyze the problems and the causes in the current operation of the City Land Reserve System, and at this foundation it follows several countermeasures.
通过经济杠杆促进土地流动，形成以市场为主导的、以土地储备制度为基础的有效的土地供给机制。
Through the economic lever, land is promoted to flow, and an effective land supply mechanism can be formed, which takes market as a leading factor and based on land storage system.
目前资金问题已经成为制约我国城市土地收购储备制度稳定有效运行和发挥作用的现实“瓶颈”和障碍。
The fund question has already become "bottleneck" and obstacle that restrained the stable and effective operation and function of our country's urban land purchasing storage system at present.
但是，作为一项新兴制度，土地储备制度在土地收购、土地储备、土地出让等环节上还存在一些法律缺陷。
However, as a new system, there are some shortcomings for the system of land protection in land purchase, land reserve and land sell.
本文首先对城市土地储备制度产生的背景进行了简要分析，借鉴了国内诸多学者关于土地储备运作的理论观点。
Firstly, the paper simply analyses the background of urban land banking system, and references some theory perspectives of land banking from several domestic scholars.
目前土地收购储备制度已在我国许多城市得到了广泛的实践，土地收购储备已成为我国土地市场建设与土地管理中的一个热点。
At present the regulation of land purchasing reservation has been widely put in to practice in different cities which makes it a hot issue in both land market and management.
城市土地储备制度是近年来在我国各地实践中产生的一项土地供应新制度。其实质在于对一级市场土地供应的国家垄断的强化。
Urban land reserve is newly introduced into land supply practice in China, which stresses state monopoly of the first-class land market.
现有划拨土地入市、土地收购储备制度、土地公开交易制度的具体制度设计将利于创造一个公开、公平、公正的城市地产交易市场环境。
Transaction of allocable urban land, urban land deposit system and urban land open transaction system will help to bring about an open, fair and just market environment.
众所周知，银行采用部分准备金制度，这意味着银行家可以使用存款进行借贷活动，但是这些贷款却只有部分得到了真正货币储备的担保。
It is well known that Banks engage in fractional-reserve lending, meaning that bankers use their deposits in lending operations, with only a part of their loans covered by money reserves.
外汇储备的规模表明了一个显而易见的事实：这些国家拒绝实行许多外部经济学家建议的自由浮动汇率制度。
The scale of the reserve accumulation demonstrates the obvious: these countries have refused to adopt the freely floating exchange rates many outside economists recommended.
一些人还对西班牙的制度称赞有加，它要求银行在景气良好的时期为损失提存额外的储备，这样当贷款变糟的时候，他们的利润以及自有资本的损失就会减少。
Some admire Spain’s system, which requires banks to make extra provision for losses in good times, so that when loans turn sour their profits and thus capital fall by less.
这里存在着制度障碍：财政大臣没有对黄金储备的直接使用权。
There are institutional hurdles: finance ministers do not have direct access to gold reserves.
这里存在着制度障碍：财政大臣没有对黄金储备的直接使用权。
There are institutional hurdles: finance ministers do not have direct access to gold reserves.
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