研究人员发现，铬元素的氧化物由六价铬转变为三价铬，这与画作中的铬黄色日趋变暗有关。
The researchers found that a change in the oxidation state of the element chromium (from chromium 6 to chromium 3) was linked to the darkening of chrome yellow paint.
三价铬及六价铬是食品中微量元素铬的两种主要存在价态。
Trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium are two main states of the chromium in foods.
许多动物试验和临床试验均表明，三价铬能影响糖代谢，是人和动物体所必需的微量元素。
There have been numerous experiments on animals and clinic tests confirming trivalent chromium is an essential micronutrient for human and animals, which can affect the metabolism of glucose.
采用化学镀技术在预处理后的金属表面上制备镍磷二元和镍铜磷三元镀片，用X射线光电子能谱分析仪和扫描电镜分别对镀片表面的元素价态、组成及镀片表面的形貌进行表征。
The coatings of nickel-phosphor and nickel-copper-phosphor are prepared on the pretreated metal surface by electroless plating technology. The coating surface has been characterized by XPS and SEM.
采用化学镀技术在预处理后的金属表面上制备镍磷二元和镍铜磷三元镀片，用X射线光电子能谱分析仪和扫描电镜分别对镀片表面的元素价态、组成及镀片表面的形貌进行表征。
The coatings of nickel-phosphor and nickel-copper-phosphor are prepared on the pretreated metal surface by electroless plating technology. The coating surface has been characterized by XPS and SEM.
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