Dr. Tononi is also testing his theory in other ways.
托诺博士同时也用其他的方式测试他的理论。
Dr. Tononi suspects that it is not a simple yes-or-no answer.
科赫博士认为这不是一个简单的是否问题。
And, as Dr Tononi observes, stronger synapses consume more energy.
并且如托诺尼博士所观察到的，越强的突触消耗越多能量。
That something, Dr Tononi believes, is non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) or slow-wave sleep.
这种机制在托诺尼博士看来就是非快速动眼睡眠或称慢波睡眠。
“There are very practical things involved, ” Dr. Tononi said. “Are these patients feeling pain or not?
托诺博士说“我们会碰到很多具体的问题，比如说，这些病人感到疼痛没有？
"What you need are specialists who talk to each other, so they can behave as a whole," Dr. Tononi said.
“你所要的就是要让‘专家’之间相互交流，这样它们就能成为一个整体协同工作，”托诺博士说。
One day in 2007, Dr. Giulio Tononi lay on a hospital stretcher as an anesthesiologist prepared him for surgery.
2007年的一天，杰里奥·托诺博士(Dr .Giulio Tononi)，医院的麻醉师正帮他接下去的手术做准备。
Giulio Tononi of the University of Wisconsin proposes that this extra learning makes the brain more and more expensive to maintain.
来自威斯康星大学的朱利奥托·诺尼提出，这额外的学习时间会使大脑维持正常运行的消耗越来越大。
While in medical school, Dr. Tononi began to think of consciousness in a different way, as a particularly rich form of information.
当他还在医学院的时候，托诺博士就开始用一种不同的方式看待意识，他认为意识是一种信息的特别富有形式。
Tononi has gotten similar results when he has delivered pulses to sleeping people - or at least people in dream-free stages of sleep.
他也对处于睡眠状态(至少不是在做梦的睡眠阶段)的人做了同样的实验。
"Once you know a little bit of what happens at the ground-truth level, you can get a better idea of what to do for therapy," Dr. Tononi said.
“一旦你知道一点基本事实层面发生的情况，就可以得到更好的治疗思路，”托诺尼博士说。
For the past decade, Dr. Tononi and his colleagues have been expanding traditional information theory in order to analyze integrated information.
在过去的的十年里，托诺博士和他的同事们一直在扩展传统的信息理论以使它适合于分析综合信息。
An early encounter with a patient in a vegetative state convinced Dr. Tononi that understanding consciousness was not just a matter of philosophy.
他早期行医时碰到的一位植物人病人使他深刻了解到意识不仅仅是哲学问题。
"Unless one has a theory of what consciousness is, one will never be able to address these difficult cases and say anything meaningful," Dr. Tononi said.
“除非我们有了一个关于什么是意识的理论，不然没人能对这些复杂的案例做一些有意义的说明。”托诺博士说。
“Unless one has a theory of what consciousness is, one will never be able to address these difficult cases and say anything meaningful,” Dr. Tononi said.
“除非我们有了一个关于什么是意识的理论，不然没人能对这些复杂的案例做一些有意义的说明。”托诺博士说。
Dr. Tononi is now collaborating with Dr. Steven Laureys of the University of Liège in Belgium to test his theory on people in persistent vegetative states.
如今，托诺博士和来自比利时的列日大学的史蒂文·洛雷（StevenLaureys）教授正协同合作，在那些长期处于植物人状态的病人上验证他的理论。
Giuilio Tononi of the University of Wisconsin-Madison argues that consciousness is the outcome of how complex matter, including the brain, integrates information.
威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校(University of Wisconsin - Madison)的GiuilioTononi指出：意识乃是复杂事物——包括大脑本身——如何与信息整合的产物。
With the help of Chiara Cirelli, who also works at the University of Wisconsin, Dr Tononi has created a mutant fruit fly that sleeps only two or three hours a night.
在威斯康星大学的同事凯拉奇莱利的帮助下，托诺尼博士创造了一种每晚只睡两到三小时的变异果蝇。
Tononi and a growing number of other scientists believe that sleep - not just in flies but also in higher-order mammals - may perform such a pressure-releasing role.
托诺尼和越来越多的科学家们认为，睡眠- - -不仅仅是在果蝇身上，而且在高级哺乳动物身上- - -也可能起到这种释放压力的作用。
"There are very practical things involved," Dr. Tononi said. "are these patients feeling pain or not? You look at science, and basically science is telling you nothing."
托诺博士说“我们会碰到很多具体的问题，比如说，这些病人感到疼痛没有？然后你查阅科学书籍，但是，什么都查不到。”
In the years since, Dr. Tononi and Dr. Cirelli, along with other researchers, have found a great deal of indirect evidence to support the so-called synaptic homeostasis hypothesis.
在此之后的几年里，托诺尼博士和奇雷利博士与其他研究者发现了大量间接证据，支持这一所谓的突触自稳态假说。
In the years since, Dr. Tononi and Dr. Cirelli, along with other researchers, have found a great deal of indirect evidence to support the so-called synaptic homeostasis hypothesis.
在此之后的几年里，托诺尼博士和奇雷利博士与其他研究者发现了大量间接证据，支持这一所谓的突触自稳态假说。
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