There is, to date, only the flimsiest of publicly-funded health care and pension systems, which increases incentives for individuals to save while they are working.
迄今为止，只存在最薄弱的公共资助医疗和养老金系统，这加强了人们在工作时储蓄的动机。
Pension systems or energy shortages can be fixed by cutting entitlements or spending more.
养老金制度，或能源短缺都可通过削减权利或剧增开支来加以完善。
Current pension systems are all too often unsustainable, partial, fragmented or non-existent.
当前的养老金体制通常不具有可持续性、片面、支离破碎或根本不存在。
But the future of pension systems in many countries is probably in a hybrid model, notes Palacios.
Palacios注意到，许多国家将来的养老金体制都可能采取混合型模式。
A legal entity is designated by a Chinese regulator and is plugged into the tax, visa and pension systems.
法人实体的身份由中国监管机构确定，法人实体要接受税务、签证和养老金制度的管辖。
A deeply ingrained sense of filial responsibility kept several countries from instituting pension systems until the late 1990s.
该地区根深蒂固的子女孝顺意识致使好几个国家直到上世纪九十年代末期才推行养老金制度。
Who should care for the elderly and how pension systems should be funded are often contingent on cultural norms and preferences.
应该由谁来照顾老年人以及应该怎样资助养老金体制往往取决于文化标准和取向。
Pay-as-you-go pension systems, for example, depend on there being enough workers to fund promises made to retired employees.
举例来说，现收现付养老金体制依靠国家要有足够的工人，才能维持承诺，为退休的雇员提供资金来源。
Greece has one of the most generous, and therefore expensive, state pension systems among the 30 mostly rich OECD countries.
经合组织的30个成员国大多是富裕国家，其中希腊的养老金制度属最优厚之列，因而也是耗资最多的国家之一。
Similar to Africa's case, pension systems in this region were developed during the colonial era and only cover civil service retirees.
与非洲的情况相似，本地区的养老金体制在殖民时代时比较发达，而现在只覆盖退休的公务员。
Based on the comparison of three successful pension systems on international, this article put forward some Suggestions on Chinese pension system.
本文通过对国际上三种成功的养老金制度的比较，对我国养老金制度的目标模式提出了自己的思路。
In fact, gender differences in retiring age, standard of treatment and entitlements do exist in the pension systems of many countries in the world.
实际上，多数国家的养老金制度都存在退休年龄、待遇水平乃至权利享有等多方面的性别差异。
This paper intends to identify and measure gender bias in the Chinese pension systems from a theoretical perspective based on a review the existing liter...
本文拟在回顾相关文献的基础上，从理论角度定义并度量养老金制度中的社会性别倾向，为中国相关问题研究提供思路。
Countries with developed pension systems traditionally have relied on the PAYG (pay-as-you-go) scheme, which still in effect in Western Europe, where it is badly strained.
养老金体制发达的国家传统上一直依赖现收现付方案，后者仍然在本身受到严重制约的西欧发挥着作用。
These countries are currently concerned about such issues as increasing life span, public social security and pension systems for old age, rather than guardianship regimes?
这些国家目前所要考虑的问题还是延长人口寿命，增进公共社会保障以及完善养老金制度，而不是建立监护体制。
Germany and Italy both benefit from generous pension and healthcare systems, coupled again with fewer babies.
德国，意大利拥有慷慨的养老金和保健体制，同样也是婴儿出生数少。
Germany and Italy both benefit from generous pension and healthcare systems, coupled again with fewer babies.
德国，意大利拥有慷慨的养老金和保健体制，同样也是婴儿出生数少。
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