The concept was first proposed in 1933 to explain why the outer galaxies in galaxy clusters orbit faster than they should, based on the galaxies' visible mass.
并在1933年首次提出解释星系外环在星团轨道上的转速比基于星系可见物质而得出的理论转速要高的概念。
At the observed speeds, the outer galaxies should be flung out into space, since the clusters don't appear to have enough mass to keep the galaxies at their edges gravitationally bound.
星系外环应以可以观测到的速度被甩入太空，因为星团的质量不足以通过万有引力来束缚星系的边缘部分。
Observations of galaxies show they are rotating too fast to hold all their stellar material in place: the outer stars should be flung out.
对星系的观察结果表明，它们的旋转速度太快，以至于无法聚集星系内的恒星物质：外部的恒星应该由于离心作用被抛离星系。
Background galaxies are visible through the faint outer arms.
透过淡淡的外缘螺旋腕可以看见背景星系。
We can not see into other galaxies, how can we say, in the vast outer space, mankind is the only intelligent being?
我们不能看到其他星系， 我们怎么能说，在辽阔的外太空里，人类是唯一的有智能生物？
We can not see into other galaxies, how can we say, in the vast outer space, mankind is the only intelligent being?
我们不能看到其他星系， 我们怎么能说，在辽阔的外太空里，人类是唯一的有智能生物？
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