Past mathematical models of evolution have focused largely on how populations respond to point mutations - random changes in single nucleotides on the DNA chain, or genome.
过去有关进化的数学模型主要用于研究点突变对物种的影响，即DNA链或基因组中的单核苷酸的随机突变。
The researchers decoded the entire genetic instruction book, or genome, of each sample. All the isolates are variations of a MRSA strain known as sequence type 239, or ST239.
研究者解码了每株样品的全部基因库或基因组，发现它们全是MRSA菌株的变种，被称作ST239型的新菌株。
It seems longer, but it was only seven years ago that the human genome Project deciphered the sequence of the 3 billion nucleotides that make up a single human blueprint or genome.
可能你觉得这事已经过去很久了，然而实际上仅仅是七年前人类基因图谱项目才绘制了30亿个碱基对的序列图谱，这项成果建立了一个单个人体的基因图谱。
Barcoding is a technique in which one or more short gene sequences, taken from a well-characterized portion of the genome, are used to identify a species through DNA analysis.
测序是一种技术，它是从具有明确特征的基因组提取的一个或多个短基因序列，并通过DNA 分析来识别一个物种。
This has, for example, made population based whole genome sequencing more or less a reality.
举个例子，这使得基于人口的整个基因组排序或多或少成了现实。
The changes in a genome may be explored by examining shifts or trends in a large cache of data.
基因组的改变，或许可以通过大量数据的改变转移和动态趋势检测来实现。
Plenty of biologists still say it's a mirage because we will never overcome the biological programme whereby cells die after a certain time, or indeed the rigours of wear and tear on the genome.
很多生物学家仍认为停止衰老只是一个幻想，因为我们永远不能克服细胞过段时间就会死亡，以及基因组的消耗磨损等生物程序。
Finally, little or no thought seems to have been given to the havoc that could be wreaked upon the human genome by GM crop retrotransposon running amok within humans and farm animals.
最后，似乎很少或根本没有人认为喜爱以转基因作物逆转座子横行与人类和家畜的形式来发泄到人类基因组之上的浩劫。
Looking at the human genome as a "book of life" they have mapped vast Numbers of variations in letters or short words - but missed much larger deletions and duplications of pages or chapters.
如果把人类基因组视作“生命之书”，他们绘制了大量字母或短语的变异——但忽视了“书”中篇幅更大的整页乃至整章的删节和重复内容。
Decoding the genome has led to stunning advances in scientific knowledge and DNA-processing technologies but it has done relatively little to improve medical treatments or human health.
基因解密在科学知识和DNA的加工技术方面取得了惊人的进展，但是在改善医疗或人类健康方面相对毫无建树。
Using a person's genome to assess his or her risk for disease can be tricky, they say.
通过个体的基因组来评价其患病的风险是不那么准确的。
In 1986 Bodmer predicted: the human genome would allow the characterization of "... 10, 000 or so basic genetic functions..."
1986年，Bodmer预测道：人类基因将允许表征为“…一万个左右的基本遗传功能…”。
Researchers now have a good reference guide for the 25, 000 or so genes of the human genome and the more than 3 million common variants that lurk within those genes.
研究者目前已详细了解了人类基因组中大约25,000个基因以及潜伏在这些基因中的300多万个常见变异。
Researchers have found a small proportion of obese people are born without 30 or so of the estimated 30,000 genes in the human genome.
人类估计有3万个基因组，研究者发现一小部分肥胖者天生缺乏其中的约30个。
Researchers have found a small proportion of obese people are born without 30 or so of the estimated 30, 000 genes in the human genome.
人类估计有3万个基因组，研究者发现一小部分肥胖者天生缺乏其中的约30个。
Current genetic tests analyze about 600,000 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) or 0.1 percent of the entire genome.
当前的基因检测分析了大约600,000个SNP(单核苷酸多态性)，只是整个基因组的千分之一。
Once the genome is more complex, however, further mutations can make a creature's body or behaviour more complex.
然而，一旦基因组更加复杂，那么，进一步的变异可能使生物的躯体或行为变得更加复杂。
Knowing the pinot noir genome should also help people who would like to grow grapes in places now off-limits to them-either for climatic reasons or because local diseases would kill them.
知道了皮诺瓦葡萄的秘密将帮助人们摆脱对葡萄种植地的无限制的观念，因为不管是气候因素或者当地的疾病都可能使葡萄树致死。
Ever since the human-genome project was completed, it has puzzled biologists that animals, be they worms, flies or people, all seem to have about the same number of genes for proteins-around 20, 000.
自从人类基因组计划完成后，令生物学家迷惑不解的是：动物(线虫、苍蝇和人类)好像都有相同数目的组成蛋白质的基因——大概20,000个。
Mutations can be induced by radiation, chemical treatment, foreign pathogens (e.g. viruses), or due to errors that occur during replication of the genome each time a cell divides.
突变可以是由辐射、化学作用、外部病原体(如：病毒)或细胞分裂时基因组复制错误造成。
In addition to the human genome there are also slight variations in DNA sequences and processes that give people their phenotypes such as "blue eyes" or "blond hair".
此外，每个人的基因序列也存在着一些细微的差异，这让人们能够有如“蓝眼睛”或“金发”的不同外表。
"Everybody's whole-genome sequence will say something scary, either for them directly or for children they may have in the future or may have had in the past," he says.
一个人的全部基因组序列会指明一些信息，不是让本人感到恐慌，就是让他们将来的孩子或已有的孩子感到恐慌。
The genetic profile - or "genome" - of an organism is determined by recording the full sequence of acid base pairs that make up its DNA.
遗传模式，或者说“基因”，记录于酸碱对序列构成的DNA中，确定着一个生物个体。
Yet others are so-called "master regulators", acting as switches to turn genes elsewhere in the genome on or off.
还有一些基因是所谓的“主要调节子”，扮演启动或关闭基因组其他基因的角色。
The research team then scanned each person's entire genome to determine which genes were either activated or deactivated in cells lining the airways.
接着研究团队细查了每个人的全部基因以确定呼吸道细胞内哪个基因是激活或灭活的。
Such changes could include wholesale deletions of chunks of the genome or additions of extra copies. Cancer genomes, in particular, mutate rapidly and contain frequent abnormalities.
这些改变可能包括基因组的大量缺失，或者额外重复片断的增加，特别是快速突变和常见的变异。
Dr Yang is also candid about the possibility of the 1,000-genome project revealing systematic geographical differences in human genetics-or, to put it politically incorrectly, racial differences.
Yang博士坦率地说，千人基因组计划可以揭示人类基因的地缘差异或揭示政策失误和种族差异。
Dr Yang is also candid about the possibility of the 1, 000-genome project revealing systematic geographical differences in human genetics-or, to put it politically incorrectly, racial differences.
Yang博士坦率地说，千人基因组计划可以揭示人类基因的地缘差异或揭示政策失误和种族差异。
Dr Yang is also candid about the possibility of the 1, 000-genome project revealing systematic geographical differences in human genetics-or, to put it politically incorrectly, racial differences.
Yang博士坦率地说，千人基因组计划可以揭示人类基因的地缘差异或揭示政策失误和种族差异。
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