There is one area where fine-grained authorization models are ubiquitous and well-understood: the operating system.
存在这样一个区域，其中细粒度授权模型是普遍存在的和众所周知的：即操作系统。
Because the operating system is of little help in this respect, Apache programmers have implemented their own authorization subsystem.
由于操作系统在这方面帮不上什么忙，所以Apache程序员实现了他们自己的授权子系统。
Article 139.when operating brokerage business, securities companies shall prepare uniform certificates of authorization for securities transaction for use by the clients.
第一百三十九条证券公司办理经纪业务，应当置备统一制定的证券买卖委托书，供委托人使用。
Current researches on correctness verification for the mandatory access control framework of operating systems mainly focus on authorization hooks placement verification.
现阶段对操作系统的强制访问控制框架的正确性验证的研究主要集中于对授权钩子放置的验证。
Current researches on correctness verification for the mandatory access control framework of operating systems mainly focus on authorization hooks placement verification.
现阶段对操作系统的强制访问控制框架的正确性验证的研究主要集中于对授权钩子放置的验证。
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