High leptin levels relay the opposite signal.
高消瘦素水平传递相反的信号。
Because of the mutation, the mice could not make functional leptin.
由于这一突变，老鼠不能生产功能性瘦素。
Those neurons get their message from hormones, including insulin and leptin.
这些神经元通过激素得到信息，这些激素包括胰岛素和瘦素。
Obese people have been found to have an abnormally high level of leptin in their bloodstream.
胖人的血液中的瘦素含量异常的高。
The scientists then traced the leptin decline to a pathway that originates in the brain's hypothalamus.
随后，科学家跟踪瘦素下降原因，找到通路的源头——大脑下丘脑部。
The key driver of this system is leptin, a hormone secreted by fat cells.
在这个系统中，主要的推动力是瘦素，这是脂肪细胞分泌的一种激素。
Does obesity disrupt the action of leptin, or does a malfunction in leptin signaling make people obese?
是肥胖扰乱了瘦素的作用，还是瘦素信号失常导致人们变得肥胖？
Lack of sleep causes more ghrelin and less leptin to be produced; therefore increased appetite overall.
Leptin分泌越少，食欲越强。睡眠不足会导致Ghrelin分泌增多和Leptin分泌减少，因此会增强食欲。
The hypothalamus is the primary brain region that responds to leptin, sending a signal that curbs appetite.
下丘脑是对瘦素起反应的最主要的大脑区域，通过传递信号来抑制食欲。
To find out, scientists took mice that don’t respond to leptin because they lack the receptor to which it binds.
为了研究清楚，科学家们用一群缺乏瘦蛋白受体的小白鼠进行了实验。
Because humans also produce leptin, researchers hoped giving the hormone to obese people would result in weight loss.
因为人类同样制造瘦素，研究者希望这一激素能减少肥胖人群的体重。
Researchers soon found that in addition to leptin, a whole host of chemicals signal the brain to trigger hunger or fullness.
研究者很快发现，除了瘦素之外，还有一整套的化学物质给大脑发送信号，引发饥饿和饱腹的感觉。
Animal studies suggest early exposure to the hormone leptin can programme the brain to prevent over-eating throughout life.
动物研究表明，生命早期暴露于激素——瘦素，可产生终生的预防过食的作用。
Researchers originally thought leptin signaled the body to stop eating and hoped that it might be harnessed as a weight-loss drug.
研究人员最初认为，瘦素能向人体发出停止进食的信号，并希望将其用作减肥药。
Leptin, a hormone produced by fat cells, decreases appetite and boosts metabolism: low leptin levels can lead to an increased appetite.
Leptin由脂肪细胞分泌，能够抑制食欲同时增强新陈代谢的水平。
They are resistant to the effects of leptin in much the same way that people with type 2 diabetes are resistant to the effects of insulin.
但是他们的身体却对瘦素有极大的抗性，就如同第二型糖尿病患者抵抗胰岛素的作用一样。
When they were given replacement leptin, those changes were reversed and brain activity returned to what it had been before they lost weight.
当研究对象摄入瘦素替代品后，这类变化就被逆转，脑部活动重新回到减肥之前的状态。
But later research found that obese people don't lack sufficient leptin. For reasons not fully understood, their cells are resistant to it.
然而后来的研究发现，肥胖的人并不缺乏足够的瘦素。其原因尚不完全清楚，但他们存在瘦素抵抗。
Many obese people have developed a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin and never feel satisfied, no matter how much they eat.
很多肥胖的人已经形成了一种对消瘦素抑制食欲效应的抵抗，不管他们吃多少也从不感到满足。
Instead, leptin's role is to prevent weight loss, and a drop in leptin levels sends the body into survival mode when food is scarce and fat stores decline.
但实际上，瘦素的作用是阻止体重下降，瘦素水平的下降会使人体进入生存模式，这是人体应对食物匮乏、脂肪储存下降的不利状况的运转模式。
However, in previous studies, when subjects were given replacement leptin, the metabolic changes were reversed and they were able to maintain their weight loss.
但在此前研究中，研究对象摄入瘦素替代品后，成功地逆转了这一新陈代谢变化过程，进而保持了减肥成果。
When humans (and rodents) lose 10% or more of their body weight, leptin falls rapidly and sets off a cascade of physiological changes that act to put weight back on.
当人或啮齿类动物体重下降10%或更多时，瘦素的水平就会急剧下降，引发一连串的生理变化，促使体重回升。
Researchers in the past found that when leptin was injected into specially bred mice, the mice ate less, burned food faster and lost significant amounts of weight.
研究人员以前发现，特殊饲养的小鼠注射瘦素后，其饮食量减少、食物消耗加快且体重显著降低。
Eventually the hypothalamus interprets theelevated level of leptin as normal--and forever after misreads thedrops in leptin caused by weight loss as a starvation signal.
最终，下丘脑认为瘦素浓度的升高是正常的——此后就永远把因体重减轻而引起的瘦素下降误解为饥饿的信号。
However, individuals who had lower leptin levels, and thus more sweet-taste sensitivity before a meal, experienced sharper increases in blood-sugar levels when they had eaten.
瘦素水平较低的个体，在用餐前对甜味刺激更敏感。而当他们用餐时，血糖水平上升更快。
The mice in the study lacked leptin and receptors in the brain for leptin, a hormone that is involved with many bodily functions, including regulating appetite and metabolism.
实验研究的小鼠缺乏瘦素与脑内的瘦素受体，瘦素是一种参与机体许多生理功能的激素，包括调节食欲和新陈代谢。
Leptin ACTS like a natural appetite suppressant.
瘦素就好像是一种天然的“食欲抑制剂”。
Leptin is a hormone made by fat cells that tells you when you're full.
脂肪细胞为了告诉你已经吃饱了，会产生一种激素——瘦素。
Leptin is a hormone made by fat cells that tells you when you're full.
脂肪细胞为了告诉你已经吃饱了，会产生一种激素——瘦素。
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