Below the user space is the kernel space. Here, the Linux kernel exists.
用户空间之下是内核空间，Linux内核正是位于这里。
But what about going in the other direction, kernel space calling user space?
但如果方向反过来呢，内核空间调用用户空间？
It essentially runs in user space, but part of its implementation may run in kernel space.
它基本上运行在用户空间中，而它的部分实现可能运行在内核空间中。
In the middle, or kernel space, is the networking subsystem that is the focus of this article.
中间是内核空间，即网络子系统，也是本文介绍的重点。
But because you're starting the process from kernel space, a few additional options are available.
但由于创建内核空间进程，还需要设置一些额外选项。
NOTE in Section 1.5, I'll detail how to modify data residing in user space while in kernel space.
注意，在章节1.5，我们将详细介绍在内核中如何修改位于用户空间的数据。
So, code executing in kernel space has full access to the entire memory map for the current process.
因此，对当前进程而言，在内核空间执行的代码具有对整个内存映射访问的权利。
When lock contention occurs, priority boosting and synchronization-queue management is done in kernel space.
当发生锁争用时，在内核空间中进行优先级提高和同步队列管理。
It accepts a destination buffer (in kernel space), a source buffer (from user space), and a length defined in bytes.
它接受一个目的缓冲区(在内核空间)、一个源缓冲区(从用户空间)和一个以字节定义的长度。
And, because iptrace examines the entire packet from the kernel space, the results can offer lots of dropped packets.
而且，因为iptrace将检查来自内核空间的完整的数据包，所以其结果可能导致丢弃大量的数据包。
Also, zero-copy operations reduce the number of time-consuming mode switches between user space and kernel space.
同样，零-拷贝操作减少了耗费时间的用户态-系统态状态切换的次数，从而节省了时间。
This causes what is known as a context switch from "user space" to "kernel space," although that's just for you information.
这就引起所谓的从“用户空间”到“内核空间”的上下文切换，不过这仅供了解之用。
The system call interface ACTS as a switch, funneling system calls from user space to the appropriate endpoints in kernel space.
系统调用接口的作用就像是交换器，它将系统调用从用户空间发送到内核空间中的适当端点。
This command notes how long it takes for an application to complete and also measures how long it spends in user space and in kernel space.
这个命令会显示一个应用程序运行完成需要多少时间，并可以测量它在用户空间和内核空间各花费了多少时间。
It maps original data to kernel space to get a kernel matrix, and utilizes kernel function and L1 norm to minimize the distance function.
运用核函数将原始数据映射到核空间中得到核矩阵，再利用L1范数使距离函数达到最小。
A new method for calculating Euler equations is presented by means of the theory of reproducing kernel space and finite difference method.
利用再生核理论和有限差分法给出了一种计算欧拉方程组的新方法。
Because the buffer that I'll write to (page) is already in kernel space, I can manipulate it directly and use sprintf to write the next fortune.
由于我们刚才写入数据的缓冲区(page)已经在内核空间中了，因此可以直接对其进行操作，并使用sprintf来写入下一个fortune。
I'll now describe a set of core functions that you can use from kernel space to copy, manipulate, and overwrite the data stored in user space.
下面我将描述一组核心函数，可以在内核空间使用它们来复制，操作，重写存储在用户空间的数据。
The selector then copies the channels and interested operations into the kernel space and let the kernel do the actual polling for the application.
然后，选择器把通道和感兴趣的操作复制到内核空间，让内核为这个应用程序执行实际的poll。
When the ppe wants to access the mailbox, it needs to have access to the memory-mapped register space, which is normally only available to kernel space.
当PPE希望访问邮箱时，它需要能够访问内存映射的寄存器空间，后者通常只对于内核空间来说是可用的。
Kernel space is flagged in the page tables as exclusive to privileged code (ring 2 or lower), hence a page fault is triggered if user-mode programs try to touch it.
系统内核所使用的内存空间通过特权码（privileged code，2级或者更低）来标记，以防止用户模式的程序访问到内核空间而发生页面错误。
This system also adopts some technologies such as communications between user space and kernel space, sending package from kernel mode, kernel module hiding, etc.
系统还采用了用户态—内核态通信、内核态发包、内核模块隐藏等技术。
The much-smaller deviation threshold is due to the decreased number of reads-per-time interval of the accelerometer compared with the number of reads-per-time interval in kernel space.
偏差阈值变得更小，因为加速度传感器的每次读取间隔与内核空间的每次读取间隔比较而言减少了。
System calls are an efficient way of traversing between user-space and the kernel to request services in the kernel-space.
系统调用是穿越用户空间和内核空间，请求内核空间服务的一种有效方法。
The respective kernel module and user space files reside in these directories.
相应的内核模块和用户空间文件分别在这两个目录中。
UNIX provides hundreds, if not thousands, of commands with which you can manipulate a large variety of resources available in the kernel and user space.
UNIX提供了大量的命令，使用这些命令，您可以对内核和用户空间中各种可用的资源进行操作。
The first page of virtual memory in the kernel address space can be accessed by kernel code, but is marked as read-only.
内核地址空间中的第一页虚拟内存可通过内核代码访问，但是被标记为只读。
Code operating in this mode has read and write access to the global kernel address space and kernel data in the process region when executing within the context of a process.
当在某个进程的上下文中执行以此模式运行的代码时，它不仅对全局内核地址空间具有读写访问权限，还将对该进程中的内核数据也具有读写访问权限。
The previous section explored methods for moving data between the kernel and user space (with the kernel initiating the operation).
上面部分探讨了在内核和用户空间之间移动数据的方法(使用内核初始化操作)。
The previous section explored methods for moving data between the kernel and user space (with the kernel initiating the operation).
上面部分探讨了在内核和用户空间之间移动数据的方法(使用内核初始化操作)。
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