Once large issuers convert together, the chip costs should drop.
一旦大型发行机构合并，芯片成本应该就会下降。
Card issuers have so far calculated that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plastic.
到目前为止，信用卡发行商已经计算出，即便是为塔吉特遇到的那种大黑客承担责任，也比更换所有的信用卡要便宜。
Many card issuers are raising late fees and other charges.
许多信用卡发行机构上调了滞纳金和其他收费。
Fragile issuers and nervous investors ought to be a boon to insurers.
脆弱的发行人和紧张的投资者应该对保险公司有所裨益。
The number of lowly-rated CCC issuers has almost tripled over the past 21 years.
较低等级CCC级发行人的数量在过去21年里几乎增加了两倍。
The situation is trickier in the euro zone. It has 16 competing sovereign issuers.
但欧元区的情况更为复杂，它拥有16个竞争性的国债发行主体。
If barriers are too low, however, issuers will go rating-shopping to the laxest rater.
但如果门槛过低，证券的发行者将涌向最宽松的评级机构。
These bond issuers would rather swap their fixed-rate obligations for floating-rate ones.
债券发行者往往比较愿意将他们的固定利率的债务交换成浮动利率的债务。
Bond markets had been domestic, with buyers focusing on issuers from their home markets.
债券市场过去只是国内市场，买主的注意力仅在其国内市场。
Scrutiny of borrowers was delegated to rating agencies, who were paid by the debt-issuers.
审核借款者的工作被下放给了信用评级机构，这些信用评级机构靠贷款发行者吃饭。
The first is that the issuers of mortgage bonds remain responsible for making payments on them.
首先是房贷债券的发行者有义务支付本金和利息。
To verify a client certificate, the provider-side handler must have access to the issuers' public key.
要验证客户端证书，提供者一方的处理程序必须访问发行者的公共密匙。
The measure would sharply limit credit card issuers' ability to raise interest rates on existing balances.
这项措施将大大限制信用卡发卡行提高现有余额利率的能力。
A key criticism is that the issuers themselves must pay the credit ratings agencies to rate their securities.
对信用评级流程抨击的一个关键点是必须由发行人付费给信用评级机构请其为自己的有价证券进行评级。
Like a swap, issuers of CPDOs get premium income upfront but have to pay out if a company in the index defaults.
和掉期一样，CPDO的发行人最初收入权利金，但是如果指数中的一家企业出现违约，它必须付出赔偿。
Large credit-card issuers such as Citigroup Inc. are requiring higher credit scores for people wanting cards.
像花旗集团(Citigroup Inc.)等大型信用卡发放机构现在提高了信用卡申请人的信用纪录要求。
That could, in turn, raise borrowing costs for bond issuers, says Tim Backshall of Credit Derivatives Research.
信贷衍生品研究（Credit Derivatives Research）机构的蒂姆·柏克萧（TimBackshall）认为，禁令将反过来增加债券发行商的借贷成本。
Bank of America, at 14.54%, had the highest write-off rate in August among card issuers that released data Tuesday.
美国银行8月份信用卡冲销率高达14.54%，这一比例是周二公布数据的信用卡发行商中最高的。
In the past, counselors could persuade card issuers to adjust interest rates and modify late fees, but the balance was untouchable.
过去，顾问能够劝说信用卡发行者调整利率和更改滞期费，但是欠款额是不可商量的。
Major issuers included companies that financed student loans and municipal agencies like the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
这种金融产品主要的发行机构包括提供助学贷款的企业以及一些市级机构，例如纽约州和新泽西州的港务局。
Whenever issuers compete for market share or buyers pile in because they are afraid of missing the boat, a boom may be in the making.
一旦股份发行方相互竞争市场份额，或者购买方怕错失良机争相入股，金融市场繁荣就可能应运而生。
Rating agencies were supposed to serve the market, but their first loyalty seems to have been to the issuers who were paying their fees.
评级机构本来应该是为市场服务的，但实际上却优先效忠于付给它们评级费用的债券发行者。
“There are issuers who are saying ‘let's take advantage of this' even if they hadn't planned to come to the market until later on,” he said.
他表示：“有些发行人说‘让我们充分利用这种形势'，尽管他们此前并不打算这么早进入市场。”
They also expose themselves to issuers who may not be governed by the robust accounting standards of the world's leading financial centres.
这些交易所还有可能遭遇那些不一定遵循国际金融中心健全会计标准的上市公司。
The attitude of the commission also suggests a certain paranoia that European sovereign issuers are being treated unfairly by ratings agencies.
委员会的态度也暗示某种偏执，就是欧洲主权债券发行人被信用评级机构不公正的对待。
The attitude of the commission also suggests a certain paranoia that European sovereign issuers are being treated unfairly by ratings agencies.
委员会的态度也暗示某种偏执，就是欧洲主权债券发行人被信用评级机构不公正的对待。
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