Once large issuers convert together, the chip costs should drop.
一旦大型发行机构合并，芯片成本应该就会下降。
Card issuers have so far calculated that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plastic.
到目前为止，信用卡发行商已经计算出，即便是为塔吉特遇到的那种大黑客承担责任，也比更换所有的信用卡要便宜。
Many card issuers are raising late fees and other charges.
许多信用卡发行机构上调了滞纳金和其他收费。
Fragile issuers and nervous investors ought to be a boon to insurers.
脆弱的发行人和紧张的投资者应该对保险公司有所裨益。
The number of lowly-rated CCC issuers has almost tripled over the past 21 years.
较低等级CCC级发行人的数量在过去21年里几乎增加了两倍。
The situation is trickier in the euro zone. It has 16 competing sovereign issuers.
但欧元区的情况更为复杂，它拥有16个竞争性的国债发行主体。
Issuers of international currencies also enjoy protection from currency volatility.
国际货币发行者也享受着免于货币浮动性影响的保护。
If barriers are too low, however, issuers will go rating-shopping to the laxest rater.
但如果门槛过低，证券的发行者将涌向最宽松的评级机构。
These bond issuers would rather swap their fixed-rate obligations for floating-rate ones.
债券发行者往往比较愿意将他们的固定利率的债务交换成浮动利率的债务。
But for issuers in a crowded sovereign-debt market, it means fewer trips to the well.
但是对于在拥挤不堪的主权债务市场中发行债务的国家而言，这意味着可以少走些弯路。
Bond markets had been domestic, with buyers focusing on issuers from their home markets.
债券市场过去只是国内市场，买主的注意力仅在其国内市场。
Scrutiny of borrowers was delegated to rating agencies, who were paid by the debt-issuers.
审核借款者的工作被下放给了信用评级机构，这些信用评级机构靠贷款发行者吃饭。
The first is that the issuers of mortgage bonds remain responsible for making payments on them.
首先是房贷债券的发行者有义务支付本金和利息。
Two better-known card issuers with a big subprime business are Capital One and HSBC's Orchard Bank.
两家比较著名的发卡银行第一资金和汇丰Or chard银行都拥有庞大的次级信用卡业务。
To verify a client certificate, the provider-side handler must have access to the issuers' public key.
要验证客户端证书，提供者一方的处理程序必须访问发行者的公共密匙。
The measure would sharply limit credit card issuers' ability to raise interest rates on existing balances.
这项措施将大大限制信用卡发卡行提高现有余额利率的能力。
Issuers are scrambling to refinance into proper long-term bonds, or asking banks for letters of credit.
发行商也正在想办法通过再融资进入真正的长期债券市场，或者向银行申请开立信用证。
A key criticism is that the issuers themselves must pay the credit ratings agencies to rate their securities.
对信用评级流程抨击的一个关键点是必须由发行人付费给信用评级机构请其为自己的有价证券进行评级。
Some observers say there is a conflict of interest, as the issuers of securities pay the agencies to rate them.
一些观察员宣称存在一个利益冲突，证券发行者贿赂了估价的机构人员。
Like a swap, issuers of CPDOs get premium income upfront but have to pay out if a company in the index defaults.
和掉期一样，CPDO的发行人最初收入权利金，但是如果指数中的一家企业出现违约，它必须付出赔偿。
And did we mention that the agencies get paid by the issuers of the CDOs to make their supposedly objective rating?
并且还有一点：债券发行者向那些评级机构缴纳费用以得到这所谓的公正的评级。
Issuers might find that other sources of funding, such as advances from America's 12 Federal Home Loan Banks, are cheaper.
发行者可能会发现其它来源的债券，比如说美国12家联邦家庭贷款银行的贷款更加便宜。
Issuers typically like to have oversubscribed offerings: it makes it more likely that bonds will rally once the deal closes.
发行人通常喜欢超额认购，这样一旦交易完成，债券更有可能会反弹。
Some were created by the Fed's myriad loans to banks, issuers of commercial paper and others to unfreeze the credit markets.
联储给银行、商业票据发行商和其他机构大笔贷款，以疏通信贷市场，这能够创造一些储备。
In the past, counselors could persuade card issuers to adjust interest rates and modify late fees, but the balance was untouchable.
过去，顾问能够劝说信用卡发行者调整利率和更改滞期费，但是欠款额是不可商量的。
The change will benefit around a quarter of all credit card accounts, according to the UK Cards Association, which represents issuers.
根据英国信用卡协会发卡公司表示，这项改变会使四分之一的信用帐户受益。
The change will benefit around a quarter of all credit card accounts, according to the UK Cards Association, which represents issuers.
根据英国信用卡协会发卡公司表示，这项改变会使四分之一的信用帐户受益。
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