We present computing systems as a series of layers, starting with low-level hardware and progressing to higher-level software including assemblers and operating systems.
我们把计算机系统划分成一系列的层次，它从底层的硬件和处理开始到高层次软件这包括汇编和操作系统。
The levels are related and interactive. The principles and concepts on lower levels are starting points for the analysis on higher, more complex level.
各个水平按照从低级到高级、从简单到复杂的顺序排列，水平之间相互联系，较低水平的基本原理和概念是下一较高级、复杂水平的分析起点。
The levels are related and interactive. The principles and concepts on lower levels are starting points for the analysis on higher, more complex level.
各个水平按照从低级到高级、从简单到复杂的顺序排列，水平之间相互联系，较低水平的基本原理和概念是下一较高级、复杂水平的分析起点。
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