FGM is associated with cultural ideals of femininity and modesty, which include the notion that girls are "clean" and "beautiful" after removal of body parts that are considered "male" or "unclean".
这种文化理念包括切除了被认为是“阳性的”或“不干净的”身体部分之后，女童就变为“洁净的”和“美丽的”的概念。
It is estimated that more than 130 million girls and women alive today have undergone FGM/C, mainly in Africa and some Middle Eastern countries.
据估计现在活着的妇女和女孩中，有1300万人经受过FGM/C，她们主要分布在非洲和一些中东国家。
The model of wave propagation in functionally graded material (FGM) is introduced to soil medium, and the concept of functionally graded soil medium is brought forward.
研究了将功能梯度材料中应力波传播的计算模型应用到土介质中，提出了梯度土介质的概念。
Although there are a lot of the fabricating techniques of functionally gradient material (FGM), the centrifugal casting method is more effective, cheaper and easier to operate.
虽然梯度功能材料的制备方法很多，但效率较高、成本较低、操作较简单的方法是离心铸造法。
The functionally gradient material (FGM) is a non-homogeneous composites which feature a gradual change in properties with the gradient or continuous change of component from one surface to the other.
性能渐变材料(FGM)是其组成(成分)从一个面到另一个面呈阶梯变化或连续变化，而其性能也随之渐逐变化的非均质复合材料。
The classifications, the preparation methods, the characterization techniques and the applications of polymer FGM were introduced.
介绍了高分子梯度功能材料的分类、制备技术、表征方法及应用。
The fracture problem of the functionally graded material (FGM) is analyzed using the element-free method (EFM).
本文采用无单元法分析了功能梯度材料的断裂力学问题。
Finally, based on the mathematical model and design method of FGM, an intelligent design system of FGM is developed through computer programming.
最后，基于以上数学模型和设计方法，通过计算机编制程序，开发了一个智能化的FGM软件设计系统。
The effect of reactive aggregate gradient distribution in cement-based functionally gradient materials (FGM) on its mechanical property is compared with that of homogeneous distribution.
通过活性集料在混凝土中的梯度分布和均匀分布，研究对比了活性集料梯度分布对水泥基材料力学性能的影响。
The concept, design methods, fabricating techniques, property evaluation and applications of functionally gradient materials (FGM) are described systematically in the present paper.
系统地论述了功能梯度材料的概念、设计方法、制备工艺、性能评价及其应用领域。
So, we employ an elasticity method, i. e. state space method, to analyze the simply-supported FGM beams, plates and cylindrical shells.
本文首先利用状态空间法结合三角级数展开技术，对简支的FGM梁、板、圆柱壳结构进行了弹性理论分析。
The crack problem in an infinite mediums of functionally graded material (FGM) subjected to antiplane shear is studied by using nonlocal linear elasticity theory.
根据非局部线弹性理论研究了剪切模量为指数型的无限大功能梯度材料反平面裂纹问题。
Due to the graded properties of FGM in space, its mechanical behaviors are different from that of conventional materials.
由于梯度材料在空间上渐变的特征，使得相应的力学行为与常规材料有较大的不同。
And, some preparation methods of FGM and their applications are dealt with, including spark plasma sinter technology, powder metallurgy method and plasma structure craftwork.
并综述了功能梯度材料目前常采用的一些制备方法及使用情况，包括火花等离子烧结技术、粉末冶金法、离子结构工艺等。
The qualities and size distributions of compositions corresponding to specified compositional distribution of FGM can be calculated via numerical simulations.
通过计算机数值模拟，可以计算要制备指定结构的功能梯度材料各组分的质量和粒度分布。
This paper presents briefly the concept, design theories and the research content of a recent advanced material - Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM).
本文简要介绍了梯度功能材料的基本概念及其设计思想和研究内容。
This paper introduced the conception, kind, main preparation methods, design methods, specialty evaluation and application of FGM. The main researches of FGM are discussed.
阐述了功能梯度材料的概念、种类、主要制备方法、设计方法、特征评价及应用领域，并讨论了功能梯度材料研究的主要方面。
Functionally graded materials (FGM) are advanced in that their ingredient and structure show a continuous change.
梯度功能材料(FGM)是组成和性能呈连续变化的先进材料。
This paper shows some properties and traditional making techniques of metal-based FGM, and their limitation.
本文综述了金属基功能梯度材料的特性和传统制备工艺，总结了其不足和缺陷。
Post-buckling equilibrium paths of functionally graded material(FGM)rectangular bar with one end fixed and another end free are studied.
对一端固定一端自由功能梯度压杆的后屈曲问题进行了分析。
The performance evaluation of FGM is important for the fabricating methods and design of FGM.
FGM的性能评价是设计和制备优质fgm的重要内容。
The author also recounted the main research field of FGM - Design, Preparation, and Evaluation.
并从设计、制备及评价三个方面阐述了梯度功能材料的主要研究内容；
Metallographical microscope, SEM, EDXA analysis were carried out to examine the microstructure and elemental contents of the asymmetrical FGM.
并通过金相显微镜、SEM、EDXA分析了材料的微观结构和微区元素含量。
The present finite element model and the series solution models are used to find the natural frequencies, vibration modes and buckling loads of the FGM plates.
利用本文之有限元素分析模式与级数解模式，与求解特征值与特征向量的方法，可以求得功能梯度板之自然振动频率、振动模态与挫屈负荷。
And the present research situation of preparation under low temperature was reviewed with regard to the key question of FGM, that is to say the forming techniques.
同时针对功能梯度材料研究的核心问题——材料合成技术，综述了低温制备工艺研究现状。
The transient thermal response of functionally graded material(FGM) plates has been investigated based on the hybrid numerical method(HNM).
采用混合数值法分析了功能梯度材料板中瞬态热响应问题。
The finite element method for the strength problem of C/M FGM underthe thermal shock loads is established.
讨论了梯度材料在热冲击下强度问题的有限元解法。
Numerical modeling study is one of the important respect for the design of functionally gradient materials (FGM).
梯度功能材料（FGM）的数值模拟主要包括两方面的内容，一是显微结构决定的热物理性能模拟；
Optimization method and regularity obtained by this study can provide analysis data and experience for the optimization and design of FGM components.
通过本研究获得的一些优化方法和规律，为FGM零件的优化设计提供了分析数据和经验。
Optimization method and regularity obtained by this study can provide analysis data and experience for the optimization and design of FGM components.
通过本研究获得的一些优化方法和规律，为FGM零件的优化设计提供了分析数据和经验。
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