The informal nature of this step can lead to inaccuracies that, as noted above, can render the models ineffective or even counter-productive.

这一非正式步骤的本质会导致一些错误，正如上面所提到的，会导致模型效率低下或是甚至达不到预期目的。

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Programs based solely on cost have proven ineffectual or even counter-productive.

仅基于成本的项目已被证明无效甚至起反作用。

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Programs based solely on cost have proven ineffectual or even counter-productive.

仅基于成本的项目已被证明无效甚至起反作用。

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