Those six elements are the building blocks for DNA and RNA, along with proteins and fats. Which means they're essential for life-as we know it.
这六种元素以及脂肪和蛋白质是DNA和RNA的构成要素，也就是说，和我们知道的一样，它们是生命体所必须的。
The capacity of such DNA, RNA, protein systems to evolve is almost certainly much greater than the protocells hoped for above.
几乎可以肯定，这种DNA,RNA和蛋白质系统进化的能力，要比上述所希望的原始细胞的更大一些。
Third, and massively important, if early life started as sketched above, a “Darwinian transition” to cells that use DNA, RNA and code for proteins via a genetic code must take place at some point.
重要的是，如果早期生命以如上所述的方式开始，细胞的使用DNA，RNA和蛋白质代码的“达尔文过渡”，必须在某个时候通过遗传密码发生。
Using the tools of synthetic biology, perhaps DNA and proteins can be discarded - RNA itself can act both as a genetic molecule and as a catalyst.
使用人造生物学工具，可能DNA和蛋白质都可以丢弃了——RNA自身可以充当基因分子和催化剂两个角色。
Like DNA, RNA is a complex molecule made of repeating units of thousands of smaller molecules called nucleotides that link together in very specific, patterned ways.
像DNA一样，RNA也是由数千个被称为核苷酸的更小分子构成的，这些核苷酸之间以非常特定的模式连接在一起。
To assess gene expression in each small bit of tissue, researchers expose its RNA to a gene chip, or DNA microarray.
为了评价每小片组织中的基因的表达情况，研究人员将它的RNA暴露给一个基因芯片，或者DNA阵列。
Automated DNA synthesis has been essential in such fields as chromosome mapping, genomic sequencing and the study of interactions between DNA, RNA and proteins.
自动化dna分析在诸如染色体作图，基因组测序以及DNA、RNA与蛋白质互作这类领域的应用潜力巨大。
Its biochemistry would work just like ours-dna to RNA to proteins-but it would be completely incompatible with earthly life, its chiral twin.
这种细胞的生物化学运作过程和普通生命完全一样——从DNA到RNA再到蛋白质，但它与手性对应的地球生命可能完全不相容。
Strands of genetic material - DNA and RNA - are sequences of small units called nucleotides.
基因资料—dna和rna—链是称为核苷酸的小单元组成的序列。
RNA is a molecule similar to DNA, except that its molecules are usually much smaller.
RNA是一种类似于dna的分子，但是其分子量比dna小得多。
Secondly it must have been able to quickly assemble a genetic molecule that could make copies of itself without the need for more elaborate bio-machinery like RNA and DNA -- that would evolve later.
其次它必须很快的生成遗传因子使得它能够自我复制，当然也不需要更多精心制造的”生物机器“——RNA,DNA什么的没那么早出现。
The genetic codes of RNA and DNA are slightly different, but are freely interchangeable.
RNA与DNA的遗传密码有些轻微不同，但是可以自由转换。
Critically, these results demonstrate conclusively that molecular reproduction need not be based on template replicating DNA, RNA.
至关重要的是，这些结果决定性地表明，分子复制过程，不需要以DNA, RNA的模板为基础。
The use of electrical fields to separate charged biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins.
用电场分离带电荷的生物分子如：dna、RNA和蛋白质。
Genetic dark matter also loomed large when scientists surveyed exactly which DNA was being transcribed, or decoded, into RNA.
遗传暗物质也隐约大时，科学家调查哪些基因被转录，或解码成rna。
In a modern cell, such as a bacterium, instructions from the DNA are transcribed into a related molecule called RNA.
在现代细胞，比如细菌中，DNA上的指令被转录到相关的叫做RNA的分子上。
DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides. Each unit is a three-part molecule with a phosphate at one end, a sugar in the middle and a variable nucleobase at the other end.
DNA和RNA都是由核苷酸构成，每一单元为由三部分组成的分子，一端是磷酸盐，中部是一种糖，另一端是碱基。
The information provided by these "molecular doctors," constructed entirely of DNA, RNA, and proteins, could eventually revolutionize medicine by directing therapies only to diseased cells or tissues.
通过从DNA、RNA、蛋白质中获得的这些信息，科学家最终将找到直接针对病态细胞、组织的治疗手段。
To read out the information in the DNA, the DNA untwists and another molecule called RNA is formed by presentation of the internal pattern.
为了读取DNA中的信息，DNA螺旋分解和另一种rna分子将由内部模式表示构成。
The same process can detect genetic variations if a sample of DNA, rather than RNA, is poured over a suitable array.
同样，如果用的样本是DNA而不是RNA的话，就可以检查基因突变的情况。
Strikingly, about 80% of the cell's DNA showed signs of being transcribed into RNA.
引人注目的是，约80%的细胞DNA有被转录成rna的迹象。
The LLMDA process starts with the purification of DNA or RNA from a sample, such as sputum or blood.
LLMDA的检测始于对试样（诸如痰液和血液）中DNA或RNA的纯化。
The chemical structures that form the units of DNA and RNA and that encode genetic information i.e. the bases that make up the base-pairs are A, G, T, C and U (see DNA).
形成DNA、RNA单体以及编码遗传信息的化学结构，也就是组成碱基对的碱基包括A、G、T、C、U。
In fact, he found three. Mediator-12 (MED 12), which helps to transcribe genes from DNA into RNA messengers, was one.
事实上，他找到了3个，其一是介体12基因(MED12)，它帮助基因从DAN转录至信使rna。
In short, DNA makes messenger RNA, and messenger RNA makes proteins.
简言之，脱氧核糖核酸产生了信使核糖核酸，信使核糖核酸又产生了蛋白质。
By the mid-1980s, electrifying word swept the field of DNA and RNA research.
上世纪80年代中期，令人振奋的消息横扫dna和rna研究领域。
The result is that free radicals ravage the body's proteins, fats, and DNA/RNA.
其结果是，自由基的破坏人体的蛋白质，脂肪和DNA /RNA的。
This homogenizer is proven for disrupting samples for DNA, RNA, and protein isolation procedures.
事实证明，这种均质器能够将样品进行成功分离样品的DNA,RNA和蛋白质。
Objective To observe the effects of naloxone on DNA, RNA metabolism of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in rats with vascular dementia (VD).
目的观察纳洛酮对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠海马锥体神经细胞核酸代谢的影响，探讨纳洛酮治疗对VD的神经生物学机制。
Objective To observe the effects of naloxone on DNA, RNA metabolism of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in rats with vascular dementia (VD).
目的观察纳洛酮对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠海马锥体神经细胞核酸代谢的影响，探讨纳洛酮治疗对VD的神经生物学机制。
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