And so the chemical potential of the water is strongly affected by all the other constituents.
水的化学势受到，其他成分的强烈影响。
Well, that's just the chemical potential of a, in the pure state, at temperature t and pressure pT.
好，这就是A的化学势，在纯态，温度为T，压强为p总时。
Chemical potentials of a, in the gas phase has to be the same as the chemical potential of a in the liquid phase.
处于气态的A的化学势等于，处于液态的A的化学势。
Because it's in equilibrium, the chemical potential of that particular component has to be the same in all the phases.
因为它处于平衡状态，所以这个特定组分在所有相中的化学势，都必须相等。
The chemical potential of baryon is larger than that of strangeness, and they all go to zero at low side of values.
重子化学势比奇异子化学势大，在低端它们都一致趋于零。
At the same pressure the chemical potential of the water's lower inside the cell or inside the enclosure with the membrane.
在同样的压强下，细胞里或膜里的水，的化学势比较低。
So of course, the free energy in either case is just the sum of the number of moles of each times the chemical potential of each.
那么当然，任一种情况的自由能，就是各组分的分子数，乘以化学势再加和。
So what that means is that the chemical potential in the solution is always lower than the chemical potential of the pure liquid.
所以那意味着,溶液中的化学势,总是低于,纯液体中的化学势。
Because what's happening is that if these things are at the same pressure, you know that the chemical potential of a is going to be lower in the mixture.
因为如果所有的东西的压强，都一样的话，混合物中A物质的，化学势要小一些。
So our goal, then, is to have a mixture, chemical potential of the mixture on one side, and the chemical potential of the pure material on the other side.
我们的目的是，有一个混合物，混合物的化学势在这边，纯净物的化学势，在另一边。
It may be regarded that the weight method of steel screen which is used to measure the chemical potential of nitrogen atmosphere is reliable in situ.
钢箔称重法与钢箔化学分析法测量结果无显著差别，可以认为钢箔称重法用于生产现场气氛氮势的炉前检验是可靠的。
The chemical potential of a molecule of A in the liquid phase here is the same as the chemical potential of A in the gas phase. So we have two constraints.
液态分子A的化学势,等于气态分子A的化学势,所以我们有两个约束条件。
And then we'll have an equation that will compare the chemical potential of the mixture under the same conditions as the chemical potential of a in the pure state.
那么我们就得到了一个式子，用它可以来比较混合态的化学势，和相同条件下，纯态时的化学势。
We know that in all cases at the same pressure, the chemical potential of the mixture is lower than the chemical potential of the pure liquid. What's going to happen?
我们知道在同等压强的所以情况下，混合物的化学势，比纯液体的，化学势低，将会发生什么？
Analyzed the variation in the chemical potential of the liquid droplets at critical and condensation that follows, and discussed the mechanism for various condensation formation.
通过分析液滴在临界态及后续冷凝过程中化学势的变化，解释了冷凝器混合冷凝的形成机理。
This paper is to get a clear understanding of chemical potential, and introduce the way to calculate the chemical potential of ideal gas with thermodynamic method and physical method.
本文主要在于厘清化学势的定义，阐明如何用热力学方法和统计物理方法计算理想气体化学势，并在此基础上进一步阐述了化学势的一些重要作用。
So there's so much chemistry that takes place in liquid mixtures that it is really important to have a sense of what the free energy and chemical potential of each of the species is doing in there.
在液体混合物中发生，如此多的化学现象，以致了解每一种液体的，自由能和化学势，是怎样的非常重要。
But security experts say it contains biological and chemical sensor technology, video, wireless communications, and computer software to simulate the spread of potential contaminants.
但安全专家说，它包括了生物和化学传感器技术、视频、无线通信，以及模拟潜在污染物蔓延的计算机软件。
We learned that the pressure dependence of the Gibbs free energy gives you the pressure dependence for the chemical potential.
我们还知道吉布斯自由能，对压强的依赖关系决定了，化学势对压强的依赖关系。
What this is telling us is that we just have a chemical potential, of Helmholtz free energy per molecule.
这告诉我们的是，我们只有化学势，每个分子的亥姆霍兹自由能。
By the way, it's convenient because it looks just like the chemical potential in a mixture of ideal gases.
顺便说一下，它很简便，因为它看起来就像理想气体，混合物中化学势的表达式。
In other words, the difference in the chemical potential is, this changes as a function of pressure.
换句话说，化学势之差等于，这个差值随着压强的变化。
So everything is derived from the fact that when we have any of the constituents in both phases, the chemical potential must be equal in both phases. Right?
所有得到的结果，都是基于，我们在两相中都有一些组分时，两相的化学势，一定相等，对吗？
Just from starting from our understanding of what the chemical potential does even in a simple ideal mixture.
从对化学势，在简单理想，混合里的行为的理解开始。
We'll equate chemical potentials and we'll look at the change in the chemical potential in the water, and the presence of the sugar and we'll do it rigorously.
我们让化学势相等，然后考察，当水中存在糖的时候，水化学势的变化，这可以严格做到。
Subtract a little bit of chemical potential from the reactants.
减去一点反应物的，化学势。
The chemical potentials of the, and we also know how to go from the chemical potential in the mixed species, in the, mixture to the chemical potential in a pure.
化学势，而且我们知道，怎么从混合物得化学势，得到纯净物的化学势。
Now if we look at Raoult's law, it's straightforward to say what is the chemical potential for each of the substances in the liquid and the gas phase. Of course, it has to be equal.
如果我看看拉乌尔定律，很直接地就知道，液体和气体中，每一种物质的化学势，当然，它们必须相等。
The 20th century witnessed a continuous accumulation of potential biological and chemical weapons in many nations.
在二十世纪中，许多国家都不断地扩大生物和化学武器储备。
The 20th century witnessed a continuous accumulation of potential biological and chemical weapons in many nations.
在二十世纪中，许多国家都不断地扩大生物和化学武器储备。
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