Modeling abstract classes in uml.
利用UML建模的抽象类。
The base abstract classes consist of the following.
基本抽象类由以下内容组成。
Several abstract classes comprise the main functionality.
几个抽象类构成了主要功能。
Structural classes extend other structural as well as abstract classes.
结构性类扩展其他结构性类和抽象类。
However, super classes (parent classes) do not have to be abstract classes.
然而，超类(父类)不一定要是抽象类。
All abstract classes must be base classes.
所有的抽象类都应当是基类。
Why abstract classes instead of interfaces?
为什么抽象类代替了接口？
Describes guidelines for designing abstract classes.
描述设计抽象类的准则。
Or rather, what's the proper use of abstract classes?
或者说，抽象类的正确使用是什么？
When using abstract classes, offer an interface as well.
定义抽象类时同时定义一个接口。
Why can abstract methods only be declared in abstract classes?
为什么抽象方法只在抽象类中声明？
Abstract method declarations are only permitted in abstract classes.
抽象方法声明只允许在抽象类。
You can see abstract classes and abstract methods as a sort of contract.
你可以看到抽象类和抽象方法作为一种合同。
The second way of modeling abstract classes is to have a UML class (for example, Class1).
第二种建模抽象类模型的方法是拥有一个UML类（例如，Class1）。
In XML schemas you can use abstract classes or just tags specifying extensions or derivations of base types.
在XML模式中，可以使用抽象类或仅使用指定基类型扩展或派生的标记来做到这一点。
We can't instantiate instances of abstract classes, even when all their field and method members are concrete.
我们不能实例化一个抽象类，即使它们的字段和方法都是具体的。
He also includes practical advice on using interfaces instead of abstract classes, and using exceptions intelligently.
他也在书中包括了很实用的建议：用接口替代抽象类和灵活使用异常。
You can override methods, rename identifiers, refactor parameters, and implement interfaces and abstract classes.
可以重写方法、重命名标识符、重构参数，以及实现接口和抽象类。
Its components rely on interfaces and abstract classes as opposed to concrete ones, as they would in a tightly coupled system.
松散耦合应用程序中的组件依赖于各种接口和抽象类，而紧密耦合的系统则与之相反，其组件依赖于各种具体的类。
Capture highlevel, stable concepts in abstract classes and interfaces and provide implementations using concrete classes.
在抽象的类和接口中捕捉高级、稳定的概念，并用具象类实现。
Classes derived from the abstract class must implement the pure virtual member function or they, too, are abstract classes.
由抽象类别衍生出来的类别必须实作纯虚拟成员函式，否则它们也是抽象类别。
Note abstract methods can only be defined in abstract classes. If you attempt to do otherwise, you will be issued a compiler error.
说明抽象方法只可以定义在抽象类中。如果不是这样的话，就会收到编译错误。
For each stage, Spark provides one or more abstract classes for performing the step, and a rather unusual protocol for specializing these classes.
对每个阶段，Spark 都提供了一个或多个抽象类以执行相应步骤，还提供了一个少见的协议，从而特化这些类。
Another use of abstract classes is to create a single base class for multiple derived classes in which that base class should never be instantiated.
抽象类的另一个用途是为多个派生类创建一个基类，在这些派生类中，基类决不会被实例化。
Because dao is unable to hide implantation details through interfaces or abstract classes, any changes could then impact on its dependent components.
因为dao无法通过接口或抽象类隐藏注入细节，所以任何更改都可能影响它的依赖组件。
During the technical interviews, probably the most frequently asked question is, "What's the difference between Java abstract classes and interfaces?"
在一次面试中，最频繁的问题可能是：抽象类和接口有什么区别？
The next important feature to take advantage of when migrating from PHP V4 to V5 is support for contract programming through interfaces and abstract classes and methods.
从PHP V 4迁移到PHP v5时要利用的下一个重要特性是支持通过接口、抽象类和方法进行契约编程。
And, as you may have noticed, we could have achieved the same effect as the code in Listings 1-3 by using an abstract class (abstract classes are described in Chapter 6).
而且，正如你可能注意到的，我们可以通过使用抽象类获得与清单1 - 3代码同样的效果(抽象类是在第6章中描述的)。
By breadth, I mean the features that were beyond the scope of this article, such as abstract classes, interfaces, the iterator interface, reflection, exceptions, and object cloning.
广度指的是超出本文范围的那些特性，比如抽象类、接口、迭代器接口、反射、异常和对象复制。
By breadth, I mean the features that were beyond the scope of this article, such as abstract classes, interfaces, the iterator interface, reflection, exceptions, and object cloning.
广度指的是超出本文范围的那些特性，比如抽象类、接口、迭代器接口、反射、异常和对象复制。
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