例如，物理学可以让你观察并理解世界，但也可以将观察到的现象整合成模型，提炼出理论或定律用以对未来做出预测。
For instance, physics allows you to observe and rationalise the world, but also to integrate observations into models and, sometimes, models into theories or laws that can be used to make predictions.
由于哥白尼的行星运动理论与托勒密的解释不一致，伽利略对木星卫星的观察证明了哥白尼理论的正确性。
Since the Copernican theory of planetary motion is inconsistent with the Ptolemaic account, Galileo's observations of Jupiter's satellites proved the truth of the Copernican theory.
达·芬奇作研究非常有条理，他仔细地记录下他的观察所得和理论。
Da Vinci was methodical in his research, carefully recording his observations and theories.
伽利略对木星卫星的观察表明，托勒密关于天体运动的理论是错误的。
Galileo's observations of Jupiter's satellites showed that the Ptolemaic theory of the motion of celestial bodies is false.
如果你观察一个四岁的孩子，例如我四岁的女儿，你可能要先研读皮亚杰的认知发展阶段理论，这一理论是我们在课堂上讲过的。
If you observed a four-year-old child, for example, my daughter is 4 years old; you might read up on Piaget's stages of cognitive development we covered those in class.
这种理论的有趣之处在于它促使许多不同的组合产生，而当你将它们分解并开始仔细观察时就会变得非常有趣。
What's interesting about this kind of theorizing is it gives rise to many different combinations that can be quite interesting when you break them down and start to look at them carefully.
“我们的理论在我们开始在数据中观察它们之前，预测了这些波头的摆动，”他说。
"Our theory predicted these oscillations before we began to observe them in our data," he says.
文学的经验主义研究方法，对我们所概括的事物的简单数据观察，对文学理论的普遍控诉中，他们免除了这些。
So empirical approaches to literature, the simple observation of data from which one can generalize -they exempt these from the general charge against literary theory.
基于对金星的特殊观察，其消长盈亏现象，就轻易地驳斥了古代关于物质运动的理论。
And in particular observation of Venus, the phases of Venus simply contradicted the ancient theory of how these things worked.
接下来的二十年中，有许多观察和理论的研究是专注在这问题上。
The subsequent two decades have seen much observational and theoretical work aimed at this problem.
不用检查邮件内容，他基于合法邮件与垃圾邮件在传输流量上应有差异的理论来观察邮件在网络中的传输方式。
Instead of examining content, he looks at how messages move through networks, on the theory that the traffic flow of legitimate messages and spam should be different.
换句话说，尽管核弹成功了，但是，建造核弹的科学家是根据理论而不是根据实际观察建造它们的。
In other words - the bombs worked, but the scientists building them were basing their construction on theories, instead of observation.
谢尔顿将他的理论以常识和个人观察作为基础。
Shelton based his theory upon what he called common sense and personal observation.
他们的理论开始于这样一种观察，即，做决策时往往有"不确定性"，往往产生错误的推论，但有些错误的后果比另一些错误的后果的代价更高昂。
Their theory begins with the observation that decision making under uncertainty often results in erroneous inference, but some errors are more costly in their consequences than others.
如果观察证实了科学家的预言，这个理论则得到了验证。
If observations confirm the scientist's predictions, the theory is supported.
解释观察到云层变化的其它理论比比皆是。
Other theories abound to explain the observed changes in the clouds.
他的职业生涯大部分时间是作为IBM的研究员度过的，在这期间他首次遇到了那个引领他观察到他最著名的理论的问题。
He spent most of his career working as a researcher at IBM, where he first encountered the problem that would lead to his most famous observation.
即使我无法观察到它们，这也是我的理论的一个预测结果，同时我已经使用其他方法测试了这些理论。
Even if I can't observe them, that's a prediction of my theory, and I've tested that theory using other methods.
但奇怪的是，该书很少讨论哥白尼的世界体系下知识支撑，也少有提及让哥白尼最终确信托勒密理论是错误的一丝不苟的观察。
But there is strangely little discussion of the intellectual underpinnings of Copernicus's system of the world, and of the meticulous observations that eventually convinced him that Ptolemy was wrong.
为了检验这一理论，研究者们进行了一项实验，在实验中参与者们观察一系列随机的光点图形。
To test that theory, researchers conducted an experiment in which participants viewed a series of random dot patterns.
如果观察证实了科学家的预言，这个理论则得到了验证。
If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is supported.
研究者目前正在观察自闭症患者在“心智理论”相关大脑区域是否有不规则活动。
The researchers are now looking at whether people with autism have irregular activity in the brain region on which the theory of mind centers.
这个问题可能只能通过观察这个理论是否管用，即是否能使预期实现。
And this question can be answered only by seeing whether the theory works, which means whether it yields sufficiently accurate predictions.
这两位诺贝尔奖得主的工作显示，经济理论能够帮助我们观察现实，并对其形成更深入的理解。
The laureates' work shows economic theory can help us see reality with a deeper understanding of it.
在那时候，开普勒尝试观察天上行星的移动，并尝试提出它运动的理论。
So, what happened back then was Kepler was trying to observe the motion of planets in the sky, and trying to come up with general explanations of how they move.
学习方法：通过实践理论和观察结果来学习；通过反馈来学习。
Learning Methods: learn by acting on theories and observing results; learn through feedback.
基于现在星球进化的理论，四十亿年前任何外星人观察太阳系都会发现在金星，地球和火星上有海洋存在。
Based on current theories of planetary evolution, any extraterrestrials observing the solar system 4 billion years ago would have seen oceans on Venus, Earth, and Mars.
在对此思考了一会儿并观察到某些其他的迹象，我有了一个理论来解释为什么超级天使们可能比他们看起来更聪明。
After thinking about it for a while and observing certain other signs, I have a theory that explains why the super-angels may be smarter than they seem.
在对此思考了一会儿并观察到某些其他的迹象，我有了一个理论来解释为什么超级天使们可能比他们看起来更聪明。
After thinking about it for a while and observing certain other signs, I have a theory that explains why the super-angels may be smarter than they seem.
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