同时，行为遗传学研究极难于重复。
Also, behavioral genetics studies are notoriously difficult to replicate.
这里，行为遗传学研究正处理可重复性和小尺度效应问题。
The point is that behavioral genetics studies were dealing with a problem of reproducibility and small effect sizes.
这正是一种“推拉”的类型，我们期许行为遗传学研究中有这些。
This is exactly the type of back and forth that we should expect from behavioral genetics studies.
在任何情况下，如果不涉及个体生存的环境，行为遗传学的课程都是无法理解的。
In any situation, it does not involve the individual survival environment, the curriculum of behavior genetics is not understood.
这主要是因为Caspi等人消除了在行为遗传学中普遍流行的困境：效应小且不可复制。
Primarily this was because Caspi et al. addressed a problem that had been quite prevalent in behavioral genetics: small and non-reproducible effects.
行为遗传学告诉我们即使在个人的范围上很多生活中的结果都似乎是路径依赖性的，或者仅仅是无法预测的，即使是同卵双生的人。
Behavior genetics tells us that even on the scale of individuals a great deal of life outcomes seem path dependent, or simply unpredictable, even for identical twins.
行为遗传学家则把能带来这种效应的环境称为“共有(环境)(shared)”，因为这种环境对那些在一起成长的兄弟姐妹而言是共同的。
Behavioral geneticists refer to such environmental effects as "Shared" because they are common to siblings who grow up together.
根据行为遗传学家S.亚历山德拉·伯特的研究调查，拥有某种与违规行为相关的基因的大学男生被一组之前与他们素不相识的同学认为最受人们欢迎。
Alexandra Burt, male college students who had a gene associated with rulebreaking behavior were rated most popular by a group of previously unacquainted peers.
因为好斗的个体更有可能生存和繁殖，所以任何与好斗行为相关的基因都更有可能遗传给后代。
Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.
例如，对动物的研究表明，老鼠在怀孕期间经历压力会导致胎儿表观遗传发生变化，进而导致啮齿动物在成长过程中出现行为问题。
Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up.
首先，大多数行为是由不止一个基因控制的，而且直到最近遗传学家还没有方法来识别其涉及的多个基因。
In the first place, most behaviors are governed by more than one gene, and until recently geneticists had no method for identifying the multiple genes involved.
基因工程啮齿类动物表现出遗传上的缺陷，并且能够模拟人类疾病的行为。
The engineered rodents display genetic impairments and behavior that mirror those of some humans with the disorder.
我们也知道焦虑的表达深受遗传因素的影响这些因素又必然影响幼年时期行为的规律性。
We also know that the expression of anxiety has a significant genetic component, elements of which could conceivably influence behavioral regularity during infancy.
后来随着马克思思想中的人类易受影响性和可完善性观点的流行，它和遗传决定人类行为观点一样不受大家庞爱。
It then fell out of favour, along with the idea that behaviour is genetically determined, as Marxist ideas of the pliability and perfectibility of mankind became fashionable.
我们开始看到，科学家们为遗传技术辩护的理由是，可以清除人类身上某些行为缺陷。
What we will begin to see is scientists arguing for the use of genetics to breed out certain behavioral traits from humanity.
遗传变异性似乎导致了行为差异性。
That genetic variability seems to translate into behavioral variability.
不过，他也提醒，目前尚没有直接证据证明上述理论，也没有明确证据证明行为的继承是通过表观遗传机制实现的。
However, he cautions, there is no direct evidence of this, and no specific evidence that the behaviors are transmitted through epigenetic mechanisms.
但在《性别错觉》一书中，来自澳大利亚的心理学家兼学者科迪莉亚·法恩告诉我们，是社会而非遗传因素导致了男性与女性之间的行为差异。
In Delusions of Gender, Fine, an Australian psychologist and academic, suggested differences in behaviour between men and women have social rather than genetic causes.
日新月异的科技使得我们可以用更广阔的视野看待与环境和行为相联系的表观遗传变化。
Improving technologies are now providing a broader look at the epigenetic changes linked to environment and behavior.
过去遇到这种情况，心理治疗师们就会开始指责长辈的不是，不过现在大家更明白了，其实这种行为与遗传、身体状况、父亲和兄弟的角色，甚至环境等等因素都脱离不了关系，是所有因素共同作用的结果。
So often in the past psychiatry tended to "blame the mother," but we now understand that so many factors - genetic, biologic, the role of father and siblings, and environmental - all play their part.
调查发现，大多数美国人，其中包括那些认为自己超重的人，都认为个人行为习惯而非遗传或其他因素是造成超重的最主要原因。
The survey finds that most Americans, including those who say they are overweight, agree that personal behavior — rather than genetic disposition or marketing by food companies — is the main reason.
还有，经遗传工程处理过的缺少rora基因的老鼠证明了若干种使人联想到自闭症行为，她说。
Also, mice that have been genetically engineered to lack the gene engage in a number of behaviors suggestive of autism, she said.
此外，交叉培养实验显示舔的行为不仅仅由遗传决定，Meaney表示。
Furthermore, cross-fostering experiments show that licking behavioris not simply determined by heredity, said Meaney.
在试图将遗传学与特定行为联系起来的研究中，一般的问题是一个特定的基因型可能只造成一丁点风险。
A common problem in studies attempting to relate genetics with a particular behavior is that a particular genotype might only confer a very small risk.
这项研究表明浪漫的求爱行为超乎之前想象地还要更多地受遗传上的影响。
Their research shows that our romantic courtship behaviors may be far more influenced by genetics than previously thought.
在同一句话中提到“生物学”及“行为”，多数人想到的是基因以及环境与遗传的恼人问题。
Say "biology" and "behaviour" in the same sentence, and most minds think of genetics and the vexed question of nature and nurture.
坏男孩身上的“黑暗性格”很明显，而且根据某一类理论，他们的行为是带有遗传性的，意味着他们不可能改变自己的处事方式。
Bad boys exhibit dark triad traits and their behaviour, according to one theory, is genetic, meaning they are unlikely to change their ways.
模因一经增殖，物种的个体就能受益于对最近的、最成功的同类行为的仿效，并且会把有助于这种仿效的基因遗传下去。
Once memes were proliferating, individuals benefited from copying the latest and most successful ones, and then passed on any genes that helped them do so.
模因一经增殖，物种的个体就能受益于对最近的、最成功的同类行为的仿效，并且会把有助于这种仿效的基因遗传下去。
Once memes were proliferating, individuals benefited from copying the latest and most successful ones, and then passed on any genes that helped them do so.
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