基因是一段dna双股螺旋，其中携带了制造蛋白质的编码资讯。
Genes are segments of the DNA double helix that encode the information for making proteins.
当编码蛋白质的基因被激活时，蛋白质合成就开始了。
Protein synthesis begins when the gene encoding a protein is activated.
之所以这样说是因为这些基因编码的并不是能够在人类细胞中表达并且调控某些生物过程的蛋白质。
This is because they code for something other than the proteins that are expressed in human cells and that regulate biological processes.
在我们身体中许多基因控制着蛋白质编码基因在不同地方和时间的开和关，这就让基因序列更加复杂了。
Many genes control when protein-coding genes are turned on and off at different places and times in the body, adding a whole new layer of complexity to the genome.
每个相邻基因之间是不能编码蛋白质的dna；相反，它起着基因启动-关闭开关的功能。
Contiguous to each gene is DNA that doesn't code for protein; instead, it functions as the gene's on-off switch.
基因技术可以从个别老鼠中剔除基因和基因编码的蛋白质。
Genetic technology allows genes, and thus the proteins those genes encode, to be knocked out of individual mice.
他们和其他研究人员都认为这类RNA会被证明和蛋白质编码基因在细胞机能中有同等重要的作用。
They and other researchers think this type of RNA will prove as important as protein-coding genes in cell function.
那些基因能够通过编码传达酶和其他蛋白质的生产，从而推动二氧化碳在矿化过程中的移动。
Those genes code for enzymes and other proteins that help move carbon dioxide through the mineralization process.
该基因编码的一种蛋白质，也被称为趋化因子受体CXCR4，同样有助于艾滋病毒感染免疫细胞。
The gene codes for a protein, also called CXCR4, that also helps HIV infect immune cells.
确认了正确的组合之后，研究人员设计了一种合成基因。它对一种能够促成细胞凋亡(一种受控的细胞死亡)的蛋白质进行编码。
Once they had the right combination, the researchers designed a synthetic gene which codes for a protein that promotes apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
HAR1编码的是一小段RNA(一种分子，往往在DNA翻译成蛋白质的过程中起模板的作用)，据推测，该段RNA对神经系统发育具有某些直接的功能。
It codes for a bit of RNA (a molecule that usually ACTS as a template for translating DNA into protein) that, it is speculated, has some direct function in neuronal development.
他们已将蛋白质目录与人类基因组序列对应，每个蛋白质与包括编码基因在内的基因对应。
They have tied their catalog into the human genome sequence, connecting each protein to the gene that contains instructions for making it.
下一条途径是依靠合成来改变控制蛋白质编码的基因，这能更深层次地影响身体的机能。
This, in turn, alters how much of the protein encoded by the gene is synthesised, which can profoundly affect the way the body behaves.
当蛋白质根据新编码合成时，就会与未突变的蛋白有一些细微差异。
When a protein gets made from that new code, it’ll be slightly different from usual.
但是，这项工作引人入胜的方面在于：迄今为止，大多数研究人员都把研究的焦点聚集在基因组中负责蛋白质编码的区域。
But an intriguing facet of this work is that, until now, most researchers had focused their hunt for differences on the protein-coding stretches of the genome.
从结构上来讲，基因包含三个区域：称为启动子的调节区域；与其并列的编码蛋白质的密码子区域；以及3'端尾部序列。
Structurally, a gene is formed by three regions: a regulatory region called the promoter juxtaposed to the coding region containing the protein sequence, and a “3’ tail” sequence.
这第二段基因编码产生的蛋白质对自身无害，但在特殊的药物作用下，它就会变的很致命，只要P 16ink4a分子有活性它就能被激活。
This second gene, activated whenever the gene for P16INK4A was active, produced a protein that was harmless in itself, but which could be made deadly by the presence of a particular drug.
特别地，在非蛋白质编码部分选择如何工作，选择丢弃什么样的变异：少数常见基因影响小或者许多罕见基因影响大？
In particular, how does it work on the non-protein-coding parts, and what kinds of variation does it leave behind: a few common genes with small effects or many rare genes with large effects?
科学家们曾认为，细胞中的大多数RNA是由蛋白质编码基因产生的信使RNA，核糖体rna，或其它地方的少量rna。
Scientists thought that most RNA in a cell was messenger RNA generated by protein-coding genes, RNA in ribosomes, or a sprinkling of other RNA elsewhere.
变异的基因是编码一种叫做离子通道的神经细胞蛋白质。
The mutation itself is in a gene for a nerve-cell protein of a type known as an ion channel.
阻止编码肝脏中仅通过癌细胞产生蛋白质的信使RNA，肿瘤便相继停止生长。
Knock out the mRNAs coding for those proteins-which in the liver are produced only by cancer cells-and the tumor stops growing.
它只是为蛋白质的生产盲目地编码，谢天谢地，基因对于这些蛋白质的终极长期效应则浑然不知。
Genes simply blindly code for the production of proteins, blissfully unaware of their ultimate long-range effects.
编码M2蛋白的RNA与编码另一蛋白质的RNA重叠。
The RNA that codes for the M2 protein overlaps with that coding for another protein.
蛋白质编码区仅1.5％的基因组入账。
Protein-coding regions accounted for just 1.5% of the genome.
对遗传信息进行编码。基因——长长的脱氧核糖核酸分子中的不连续的片段——把它们的序列转录成单线信使核糖核酸分子，核糖核酸又成为蛋白质的模板。
Genes — discrete segments of long DNA molecules — transcribe their sequences onto single-strand messenger RNA molecules, which then serve as templates for proteins.
不像大多数编码为DNA和产生蛋白质的基因那样，这些微小基因的作用是通过控制更大的信使RNAs，传递DNA制造蛋白质的指令。
Unlike most genes that are encoded as DNA and produce proteins, these tiny genes act by controlling much larger messenger RNAs, which carry the protein-making instructions of the DNA.
不像大多数编码为DNA和产生蛋白质的基因那样，这些微小基因的作用是通过控制更大的信使RNAs，传递DNA制造蛋白质的指令。
Unlike most genes that are encoded as DNA and produce proteins, these tiny genes act by controlling much larger messenger RNAs, which carry the protein-making instructions of the DNA.
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