基因决定每个生物的特征。
基因是一段被复制或重组的生物信息，这种复制或重组会传递给下一代。
A gene is a piece of biological information that gets copied or replicated, and the copy or replica is passed on to the new generation.
改变社会和全球经济的强大新力量包括网络起源，人类和智能机器的结合，生物起源以及利用基因技术来改善自我。
Powerful new forces altering society and the global economy include cybergenesis, the merging of humans and smart machines, and biogenesis, the harnessing of genetic technologies to improve ourselves.
那些生物个体拥有一些特征，这些特征为它们的生存竞争提供了有力条件，帮助它们更容易地存活下来，并且它们会将自己的基因传给下一代。
Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation.
基因是传递生物属性和特征信息的复制因子。
Genes are replicators that pass on information about properties and characteristics of organisms.
直到不久前，这些研究都仅限于一些在基因上与人类相距甚远的短寿命生物。
Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans.
研究表观遗传学的一个方法是通过揭示环境直接影响基因的机制来彻底改变我们对生物学的理解。
One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes.
对世界各地的生物医学研究人员来说，双胞胎提供了一个宝贵的机会，来解开基因和环境——也就是先天和后天的影响之谜。
To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment—of nature and nurture.
这些海洋生物确实展示了大量高度精炼的行为，这些似乎在推动它们的基因发育。
These beasts of the sea do display a vast range of highly refined behaviors that appear to be driving their genetic development.
生物学家可以通过比较不同物种中相同基因的DNA序列来推断物种之间的进化关系。
Biologists can infer how species are related evolutionarily by comparing DNA sequences for the same genes in different species.
这场争论始于2月1日，当时英格汉姆在新西兰基因改造皇家委员会面前作证，决定如何管理转基因生物。
The controversy began on 1 February, when Ingham testified before New Zealand's Royal Commission on Genetic Modification, which will determine how to regulate GM organisms.
他们从萤火虫和海洋荧光细菌中提取基因，并对它们进行了修改，可以很容易地添加到其他生物体中，使它们发光。
They took genes from fireflies and bioluminescent marine bacteria and modified them that can be easily added to other organisms to make them glow.
微生物铁载体产生和吸收的基因被抑制了。
Genes involved in microbe siderophore production and uptake are derepressed.
进行了超转录组学研究以研究微生物群落的基因表达。
Metatranscriptomics studies have been performed to study the gene expression of microbial communities.
巴塞尔弗雷德里希米歇尔研究所生物医学研究的科学家正在进行基因操作小鼠体内引起致盲的蛋白质。
Scientists at the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research in Basel, are manipulating the proteins that cause blindness in mice.
莫里森等人描绘了原生生物双滴虫兰伯贾第虫的基因组图谱。
Morrison et al. describe such a genome from the diplomonad protist Giardia lamblia.
显然，矿物并没有基因，因此不能像生物一样发生突变。
Obviously, minerals do not have genes and thus cannot mutate as living things do.
原则上，基因工程学很简单，但要在生物基因序列恰当的地方植入新基因却颇为困难。
In principle, genetic engineering is simple, but inserting a new gene into the right place in an organism's genome is fraught with difficulty.
为了了解那些基因云发生的情况，遗传学研究者们必须找到开启和关闭基因的生物学开关。
Hoping to understand what's happening in those clouds, epigenetics researchers have focused on biochemical switches that turn genes on and off.
生物学家可以从被基因组扫描标识出的基因种类中推断出这些选择性力量的成因。
Biologists can infer the reason for these selective forces from the kinds of genes that are tagged by the genome scans.
在这家生物技术中心，许多转基因克隆兔子都被用于研究工作，这些兔子的基因组内都加入了人类基因。
Many of those used in the research at the biotechnological centre are clones of genetically-modified rabbits, which have had human genes added to their genomes.
这些基因组是合成生物的原材料、首先，这些基因组能让人们从微观原子的角度了解生物体的构成。
These genomes are the raw material for synthetic biology. First, they will provide an understanding of how biology works right down to the atomic level.
基因工程可以作用于植物、动物或微生物。
Genetic engineering can be done with plants, animals, or microorganisms.
发现了新的基因序列的生物学家通常想知道该基因序列与其他哪个序列最相似。
Biologists who find a new gene sequence typically want to know what other sequences it is most similar to.
病毒是只有少数基因和蛋白外壳的紧凑型生物实体，对生物工程有很大作用。
Compact biological entities with little more than a handful of genes and a protein coat, viruses lend themselves to engineering.
病毒是只有少数基因和蛋白外壳的紧凑型生物实体，对生物工程有很大作用。
Compact biological entities with little more than a handful of genes and a protein coat, viruses lend themselves to engineering.
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