在这种情况下，老化必须根据物理化学和热力学定律进行。
Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics.
金字塔、大教堂和火箭的存在并不是因为几何形状或热力学，而是因为它们首先是建造它们的人的脑海中的图画。
Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.
然后抽象这些一般的热力学定律。
这些依赖于热力学,和平衡态的性质。
They also do depend on thermodynamics and where equilibrium states are.
总体上可以说热力学限制了这些特性。
Collectively, these features can be said to arise via thermodynamic constraints.
你可以把非平衡热力学,应用于经济学。
即我们前面学到的热力学。
在热力学或者统计力学中。
它是热力学的微观描述。
这就是热力学第零定律。
但不改变热力学过程。
也看到了高温和低温极限下，的热力学形式。
And also with the high and low temperature limits of the thermodynamics turned out to be.
在热力学的框架下，我们已经处理过这些问题。
On the thermodynamic framework e've been working with all term.
因此热力学只研究平衡系统。
这样我们就能开始写出不同结果，热力学性质的。
And then we can start writing out the results for the various thermodynamic properties.
当你通过热力学改变物质形态时，你是在，转移热量。
You're moving heat around When you're changing matter through thermodynamics.
现在关键问题是我们要从Q中，得到所有的热力学量。
So, the point is that from Q we're going to get all of our thermodynamics.
通过推导，所谓的，基本热力学方程可以做到这一点。
And we can do that by going through and deriving What we'll call the fundamental equations of thermodynamics.
我们能够从微观图像出发，最终得到宏观热力学的结果。
I should be able to start from my microscopic picture and get to macroscopic thermodynamic results.
该主题涉及常见的物理问题：热力学、量子效应和容错。
The topics covered are the usual physics stuff: thermodynamics, quantum effects, and fault-tolerance.
整个容积将被占满，之前我们已经得到它的热力学性质。
The volume will be filled and we've derived the thermodynamics for it before.
如果它不是，那么用热力学性质去，描述它就要有麻烦了。
If it's not, then you're going to have trouble describing it using thermodynamic properties.
实际上就像热力学一样，动理学的研究方法也是经验性的。
And actually just like macroscopic thermodynamics, kinetics does take an empirical approach to the topic.
我不会写出，所有的各热力学项，我只会写出其中的一些。
And I'm not going to write out all of the individuals thermodynamic terms, but I'll write a few of them.
我们也看到了热力学的计算结果，也看到了极限情况的形式。
And so we saw what the thermodynamics worked out to be. And what the limiting cases were.
他认为，依据热力学第二定律，重力只是宇宙中熵的一种表现。
He suggested that gravity is merely a manifestation of entropy in the Universe, which always increases according to the second law of thermodynamics.
热力学在问你们，到底是系统对环境做功，还是环境对系统做功？
Thermodynamics is asking you, what work does this thing do on the surroundings or the surroundings do on the system?
所以他拿来了温度计，进行测量,后来就发现了热力学第一定律。
So he grabbed his thermometer, and went and made a couple of measurements and discovered the first law of thermodynamics.
换句话说，宏观的热力学性质可以，从微观模型，的统计力学得到。
So in other words, macroscopic thermodynamic properties come straight out of our microscopic model of statistical mechanics.
那么，基于这个简单的模型，我们应该能解决所有相关的热力学问题。
And now, just based on that simple model, we should be able to figure out all the thermodynamics.
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