火山喷发后，小城落了一层火山灰。
火山的外层已经磨损殆尽，直到硬核层完全暴露在外。
The outer layers of the volcano were worn away, until the hardcore stood completely exposed.
—通过化石周围的火山土壤层测定它的年份是440万年前。
Volcanic layers around the fossil were used to date it from 4.4million years ago.
上下两层凝灰岩的生成年代无法区别，它们都诞生于440万年前，这意味着短时间内的两次火山喷发——也许只间隔了短短的一千年——将化石俘获在其间。
The dates of these tuffs proved indistinguishable-4.4 million years for both. This meant the volcanic eruptions had captured between them a focused lens of time-perhaps as little as a thousand years.
这项任务落到了戈马火山观测台（GomaVolcanic Observatory）的肩上，该观测台位于戈马市中心一座破烂的一层建筑中，其职员全天无休。
That task falls to the Goma Volcanic Observatory, located in a dilapidated one-story building in the city center and staffed around the clock.
这座高达2582米（9357英尺）的成层火山（百科看 这里——译注）顶部被一层30平方公里的冰川（10平方英里）所覆盖，大部分冰雪都积聚在山顶南部和东部因岩浆喷发所形成的盆地中。
The 2,582-meter (9,357-foot) stratovolcano is mantled by a 30-square-kilometer (10-square-mile) glacier field, most of it amassed south and east of the summit in a basin made by a caldera depression.
起初的熔岩是亮红色的，迹象表明在卫星从上面飞过的时候这个火山是活的，一层一层的不断翻滚的沙尘暴从过热的裂缝中升起，火山喷发成了一道风景线。
Fresh lava is bright red, an indication that it was active at the time the satellite flew overhead.
但如果发生大型火山喷发，导致同温层掺杂有薄云，那么月食就会变成暗红色、灰暗色或者血黑色。
But if a major volcanic eruption has polluted the stratosphere with thin haze, the eclipse will be dark red, ashen gray, or blood-black.
平流层的硫是火山喷发的自然结果，这种硫每吨比燃烧煤释放的硫能造成更强的冷却效应。
Sulphur in the stratosphere, a natural result of volcanic eruptions, provides a lot more cooling per tonne than the coal-emitted sort.
它也是在一个火山穹丘硬化和逐步侵蚀中，剥离出洋葱状岩石层形成的。
It formed when a volcanic dome hardened and gradually eroded, exposing the onion-like layers of rock.
当火山喷发出的二氧化硫到达平流层，就会在那里形成硫酸微粒，可以把太阳光线反射回太空。
Volcanoes inject sulphur dioxide into the stratosphere, where it eventually forms small particles of sulphate that reflect sunlight back into space.
尽管它看起来像是一个陨石撞击坑，它是在一个火山穹丘硬化和逐步侵蚀中，剥离出洋葱状岩石层的结果。
Although it resembles an impact crater, it formed when a volcanic dome hardened and gradually eroded, exposing the onion-like layers of rock.
这个层状火山是由稠密的熔岩流以及火山灰和岩石碎片等喷发物所形成的连续层堆积而成的锥形火山，它位于一个更老的层状火山之上。
The current stratovolcano-a cone-shaped volcano built from successive layers of thick lava flows and eruption products like ash and rock fragments-is built on top of an older stratovolcano.
如今层状的尤耶亚科火山(由一层一层的火上熔岩和火山喷发产生的灰尘和碎石形成的火山锥)是在一座更加古老的层状火山上形成的。
The current stratovolcano — a cone-shaped volcano built from successive layers of thick lava flows and eruption products like ash and rock fragments — is built on top of an older stratovolcano.
（一些自然现象已经证实这一构想的正确，例如在火山喷发的时候，富含大量硫酸盐的烟流被送向平流层，从而暂时的改变全球气候）。
Nature has already shown that this concept can work, since volcanic eruptions that send sulphur-rich plumes into the stratosphere can temporarily alter the world’s climate.
探险队的一位队员行走在火山口已经冷却的岩浆层上，岩浆层因为反射熔岩湖的火光而呈现出红色。
A member of the expedition walks on the caldera's cooled lava floor, turned red by the reflected glow of the lake.
被融化的岩石由于粘性较低，因此能轻易流到岩石层上方形成火山锥。
The melted rock has a low viscosity, and it flows easily up through the overlying rock.
研究者们拼凑了包括头骨，手掌，脚掌，上臂，腿和骨盆在内的125块骨骼碎片，并采集挖掘处上层和下层的火山土壤层测定年代。
Researchers have pieced together 125 fragments of bone - including much of her skull, hands, feet, arms, legs and pelvis - which were dated using the volcanic layers of soil above and below the find.
火山大爆发将厚重的火山灰铺到了平流层。
Large volcanic eruptions spread cooling palls through the stratosphere.
一层又一层的火山灰预示着火山爆发不时带走无数动物的生命。但一旦火山进入不活跃状态，这地方又会被树木所覆盖。
Multiple ash layers suggest that eruptions killed countless animals from time to time. But when the volcano was inactive, the site supported a wooded area.
一层又一层的火山灰预示着火山爆发不时带走无数动物的生命。
Multiple ash layers suggest that eruptions killed countless animals from time to time.
火山岩透过地幔中部份熔融的软流层渗入到地壳，岩浆喷发，海山由此形成。
Seamounts form from magmatic eruptions, which occur when lava seeps up to the crust through the partially-melted sub-layer, known as the asthenosphere, in the mantle.
来自太空的岩石和火山爆发可以释放出有毒和吸收热量的气体——一旦这些灰层稳定下来——就能够对失去对全球变暖的控制。
Space rocks and volcanoes could also unleash toxic and heat-trapping gases that—once the dust settled—enable runaway global warming.
就在我们远眺处的下方，黝黑的沟状脊代表了另外一种50万年的沉积层，更远处铺满了玄武岩，520万年前，这块巨大的平原被淹没在火山岩浆之中。
Below us dark, gullied ridges held another half million years of sediments. Beyond them was the basalt, laid down when this vast plain was swamped in lava, 5.2 million years ago.
二叠系储集层主要由碳酸盐岩、沉凝灰岩、碎屑岩和火山岩组成。
The reservoirs in Permian is consist of carbonate rock, tuff, clastic rock and volcanic rock.
—洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的地质学者沃德·盖布·瑞尔采集化石挖掘地点上层和下层的火山土壤层分析测定其年代在440万年前。
Geologist Giday WoldeGabriel of Los Alamos National Laboratory was able to use volcanic layers above and below the fossil to date it to 4.4 million years ago.
Watson说SPICE计划并不是要创造一个Tambora火山，但是它的原理是相同的——都是在平流层上分布微粒以反射阳光，给地球降温。
Watson said the SPICE project isn't looking to recreate a Tambora, but it will be relying on the same principle of using stratospheric particles to refract light and cool the Earth.
所有这些意味着埃亚·菲亚·德拉火山这次喷发将不会在欧洲造成永久性烟幕，尽管它会毫无疑问得引发更深一层的破坏。
All this means that a repeat of 1821-1823 would not lead to a permanent pall over Europe, though it would undoubtedly cause further disruptions.
一连串的火山山脉告诉你的是，这个山脉不仅底下有活跃的俯冲活动，而且上面的岩石层也很薄。
What the Vulcanism of the Cascade Mountains tells you is that this range not only has active subduction beneath it, but that the rock layer riding on top is thin.
一连串的火山山脉告诉你的是，这个山脉不仅底下有活跃的俯冲活动，而且上面的岩石层也很薄。
What the Vulcanism of the Cascade Mountains tells you is that this range not only has active subduction beneath it, but that the rock layer riding on top is thin.
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