另一策略涉及资产积累，目的是减少跨期消费波动。
Another strategy involves asset accumulation in order to reduce fluctuations in consumption over time.
它使得更多家庭可以轧平消费波动，减轻它们在贫乏时期的财务困境。
It enabled more households to smooth their consumption over time, reducing their financial hardship in lean times.
本文利用2000年以来的城市居民调查数据测量了我国城市居民消费波动程度。
In this paper, we test the fluctuation of urban household consumption in China using household survey data between 2000 and 2006.
以新古典经济学为理论依据，在完全可替代生产函数的基础上构建了基于区域消费波动与经济增长的分析模型。
With neo-classical economic theory as basis, an analysis model of regional consumption instability and regional economic growth is constructed based on complete substitutable production function.
贫困者的另一项重要能力是风险应对，即尽管收入波动，通过减少消费变化，事后应对冲击。
Another important capacity for the poor is risk coping, i.e. dealing with shocks ex-post by reducing variability in consumption in spite of income fluctuations.
我认为，你们应该在冬天到来前向消费者解释下：包括持续下跌的批发价在内的价格波动对后续的能源费用账单会产生怎样的影响。
I believe you owe it to consumers, ahead of the winter, to explain how cost changes, including falling wholesale costs, are likely to bear on future energy bills.
与此相反的是，粗盐的消费由大量波动的短期需求决定。
Gritting salt, by contrast, is susceptible to large short-term fluctuations in demand.
英国银行认为，真实房价和消费之间的联系反映了家庭预期收入的波动。
The Bank of England argues that the link between real house prices and consumption reflects swings in income expectations by households.
说到经济指标的影响力，消费者信贷并不是一个能使市场产生明显波动的经济指标。
As far as economic indicators go, consumer credit isn't a market-mover.
总体而言，由于消费者信心指数起伏不定，零售商的股价大约从去年以来，就一直异乎寻常波动不已，拒绝形成任何一种趋势。
Overall, retailers' shares have been unusually volatile in the past year or so as consumer confidence has fluctuated, refusing to form any sort of trend.
后来，大宗商品还开发出了衍生品合约，先是场外掉期合约，接着是期货合约，让消费者和生产商得以对冲价格波动风险。
At a later stage, the commodities also developed derivatives contracts, with consumers and producers hedging the risk of volatile prices with over-the-counter swaps and, later, futures contracts.
底特律的生死存亡取决于他们能否在油价剧烈波动和全球气候变暖的情况下生产消费者需要的产品。
The survival of the Detroit auto industry depends on their ability to deliver the products consumers need in a world of volatile oil prices and a changing climate.
而价格波动，恰恰相反，不一定会损害消费者利益，因为不同的主食是可以互相替代的。
By contrast, volatility does not necessarily hurt consumers, because different food staples are often substitutable.
企业生产成本的改变会引起价格的波动，如此一来，就会影响消费者购买的数量。
Changes to an organization's pricing structure as a result of changing costs may cause customers to buy or consume more or less.
黄金投资者要受两个因素的支配，一是货币波动，二是含金首饰的需求量；而后者目前仍然很低，特别是在印度——这个世界上最大的黄金消费国。
Investors are at the mercy of currency fluctuations and jewellery demand - which remains low, particularly in India, the world's largest consumer of gold.
正如预计，帕潘德里欧将市场波动归咎于投机行为，但他也承认，希过度消费使自身变得脆弱。
Predictably, Mr Papandreou blames speculators for the flare-up in the markets. But he also concedes that his country has been left vulnerable by its own profligacy.
密歇根大学(Universityof Michigan)的一项调查表明，随着波动性的加剧，消费者信心呈现出急剧下降的态势。
With volatility spiking, the University of Michigan's survey reading of consumer sentiment has been plunging.
第四，鱼煎薯条的消费趋势在波动中呈现了三种状态。
Fourth, the consumption of fish and chips showed three changes in the general trend of fluctuation.
虽然燃料价格大幅下降，核心消费品价格(不包括波动较大的食品和能源类)到今年10月份仍上升了2.8%。
Although fuel costs have fallen sharply, core consumer prices, which exclude the volatile categories of food and energy, still rose by 2.8% in the year to October.
工业品出厂价格指数是衡量消费者购买以前的商品成本，不包括波动剧烈的能源和食品价格，该指数。
The Producer Price Index, a measure of the cost of goods before they reach consumers, rose 0.1 percent last month excluding volatile energy and food costs.
曲线图反映出汉堡与皮萨的消费呈现上升趋势，鱼煎薯条则呈现出波动趋势。
The graph indicates that while hamburger and pizza consumption both revealed a general trend of increase, fish and chips showed a trend of fluctuation.
鉴于消费者如此易受波动，服务业进展得亦不如人意。
With consumers so skittish, service industries are not faring well either.
在一定时期内衡量常用消费品和服务价格波动情况的一种尺度。
A measure of the fluctuation in prices of common consumer goods and services over a fixed time period.
国内的消费市场总体稳定，略有小幅波动，去年年初时消费水平较低，但下半年有所回暖。
The country's consumer market was generally steady but fluctuated slightly, seeing low spending levels at the start of last year before a rebound toward the end.
由于汇率的波动以及中国的高额增值税，中国消费者会支付高得多的价格。
Chinese customers can pay much higher prices, because of currency fluctuations and the country's hefty value-added tax.
同时市场利率的波动对个人住房消费贷款也有重要的影响。
At the same time the market interest rate fluctuations also have great impact on the personal housing consumption loan.
实证结果显示货币供应量对股市波动影响显著，居民消费价格指数对股市脉冲作用有限。
The empirical results indicate that money supply has a significant effect on stock price fluctuations, but consumer price index (CPI) only has a limited effect.
国际上通常将消费价格指数(CPI)作为反映通货膨胀或通货紧缩程度的重要指标，国内文献大多也采用消费价格指数来研究我国的物价波动。
The Consumer price Index (CPI) is widely used as an important indicator of the extent of inflation or deflation, and it is also used in most of literature research on price fluctuations in China.
国际上通常将消费价格指数(CPI)作为反映通货膨胀或通货紧缩程度的重要指标，国内文献大多也采用消费价格指数来研究我国的物价波动。
The Consumer price Index (CPI) is widely used as an important indicator of the extent of inflation or deflation, and it is also used in most of literature research on price fluctuations in China.
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