明中叶以后及清康熙以来，湖南地区涌现出大批工商业较繁盛的城镇和市墟。
After the middle of Ming and Qing Dynasty(1368-1911AD), many thriving and prosperous cities and towns sprang up in Hunan area.
相关研讨，既涉及具体的音韵学问题，也折射出明中叶以后某些具有普遍性的社会文化心理。
The relevant researches not only involve some specific phonologic problems, but also reflect the social and cultural psychology of the Mid Ming Dynasty and the following periods.
明中叶以后，山东省棉花种植在北方率先走向专业商品化，逐渐形成了鲁西北与鲁西南两大商品棉产区；
Since Mid-Ming Dynasty, cotton cropping had become commercialized in North Shandong, and two major production areas appeared gradually.
明中叶以后，山东省棉花种植在北方率先走向专业商品化，逐渐形成了鲁西北与鲁西南两大商品棉产区；
Since Mid-Ming Dynasty, cotton cropping had become commercialized in North Shandong, and two major production areas appeared gradually.
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