很多基因治疗的其他问题出在携带基因的载体上，通常是病毒。
Many of gene therapy's other problems have been with the vector that carries the gene, usually a virus.
携带基因的DNA线型分子构成染色体，染色体端粒位于染色体末端。
The thread-like DNA molecules that carry genes are packed into chromosomes, the telomeres being the caps on their ends.
通过注入人工改造使其携带基因信息的病毒粒子，这些细胞被重新编码成了诱导性多功能干细胞。
The cells are reprogrammed into iPS cells by injecting virus particles that have been manipulated to carry genetic information.
Poeschla和他的同事们转向了另一个不同的方法，即用一个携带基因的病毒进入卵细胞。这个方法已经在异性动物身上产生效果，包括老鼠奶牛，但是从来没有在食肉动物上成功过。
Poeschla and his colleagues turned to a different method-using a virus to carry genes into an egg cell-that had worked in animals including mice and cows but never been successful in a carnivore.
每一组都在杂交培养欧洲本地的短粒稻米和携带抗盐基因的亚洲长粒品种。
Each team is crossbreeding a local European short-grain rice with a long-grain Asian variety that carries the salt-resistant gene.
大多数只有一个基因拷贝的人——“携带者”——能够存活下来并将基因传给后代。
Most people with only one copy of the gene—"carriers"—survive and pass the gene to offspring.
他说：可能是不同遗传背景的人们携带有不同的基因帮助他们活到100岁。
It could be that people of different ethnic backgrounds carry distinct genes that help them live to 100, he said.
适应并存活下来的微生物携带耐药基因，可以从一个人传给另一个人，并在世界上快速蔓延开来。
The microbes which adapt and survive carry genes for resistance, which can be passed on from one person to another and rapidly spread around the world.
研究对象中有一部分人携带此基因的变种，结果显示他们结婚的可能性较小，已婚的则很可能遭遇重大婚姻问题，或与妻子难于相处。
Over all, men who carried a variation in the gene were less likely to be married, and those who had wed were more likely to have had serious marital problems and unhappy wives.
这些额外的基因携带了许多人体所没有的酶信息，可以做人体不能做的事情。
Those extra genes carry the code for many enzymes that humans don't have and do things that humans can't do.
欧洲关于实验动物数量的法规可以回顾到1986年，很久以后，研究才开始培育第一代携带其他物种基因的动物。
The European directive on how such animals should be treated dates from 1986, long before research led to the breeding of the first creatures that carried the genes of another species.
在利伯氏黑蒙的病例中，携带正常基因的病毒载体可以被直接注入视网膜而感染视网膜细胞。
In the case of Leber's congenital amaurosis, viruses carrying the correct gene can be injected directly into the retina where they will infect retinal cells.
那些携带灭活基因的胚胚胎干细胞经分离出来后注入称作胚泡的胚前组织中。
Those ES cells carrying the inactivated gene can then be isolated and introduced (by injection) into a pre-embryonic structure called the blastocyst.
只是部分携带这种基因的人会患病，但并非所有痴呆病人都是携带者。
Only some people with the gene will develop the condition and not all people with dementia are carriers.
但计算机建模表明，携带该基因变种的奶农来自中欧，之后比非乳品业人群分布得广泛而迅速。
But the computer model suggests that dairy farmers carrying this gene variant probably originated in central Europe and then spread more widely and rapidly than non-dairying groups.
只要关闭了这种自卫机制，能够重新编码细胞且携带遗传基因的信使RNA就能安全导入了。
Once the defense mechanism is shut off, mRNA carrying the genes for cell reprogramming can be safely delivered.
这项研究仅仅说明携带此基因类型的人可能做出这些行为的比例要高得多。
The study merely suggests that a much higher proportion of those with this genetic type are likely to engage in these behaviors.
相反，携带该基因的两种活跃副本的人中，14%的人在注射前就已经显示超过检测标准。
By contrast, 14% of those with two functional copies of the gene were over the detection threshold before they had even received an injection.
Y染色体让携带者之所以成为男性，是因为它携带了雄性决定基因。
The Y chromosome makes its owner male because it carries the male-determining gene.
携带男性基因Y-染色体来自于父亲，因此不可能是母亲无法排出“男性卵”。
The Y-chromosome, which carries the genes for maleness, comes from the father, so it cannot be the case that the mother is failing to ovulate “male” eggs.
人们携带的基因变异因为它们细胞里的“生物钟”的不同而各不相同。
People carrying the variant had differences in the "biological clock" within all their cells.
左图显示FTO肥胖基因携带者大脑中存在某些缺陷。
The image at left reveals some brain deficits in people with the FTO obesity gene.
报道中说金发是由一种隐性基因造成，因此只有在家庭中的双方都携带这种基因的情况下这种发色才能遗传给下一代。
The reports said blond hair was caused by a recessive gene, so both sides of the family have to have it to extend the shade into the next generation.
这些男子自身携带的异常基因，只能通过传给自己女儿的x染色体继续传递下去。
Men who carry the faulty genes can only pass them on through their X chromosome to their daughters.
之后在新的条件下，缺少竞争者的环境，或者获取食物的新途径，使得携带这些基因的人们也和没有这些基因的人一样数量剧增。
New conditions, perhaps territory free of competitors or a new technology for getting food, allowed people who carried them to flourish just as well as people who did not have them.
这种分子携带着基因上的指令，告诉细胞合成那类蛋白质。
This molecule carries instructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make.
例如，在第五个被睡眠剥夺的晚上，携带变异基因的人大约平均醒来四次，而未携带变异基因的人是两次。
For example, during the fifth night of sleep deprivation, those with the gene variant woke up, on average, almost four times, while those without the variant woke up, on average, twice.
例如，在第五个被睡眠剥夺的晚上，携带变异基因的人大约平均醒来四次，而未携带变异基因的人是两次。
For example, during the fifth night of sleep deprivation, those with the gene variant woke up, on average, almost four times, while those without the variant woke up, on average, twice.
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