这些变量可以构成一个石油行业行政垄断的形成和维持模型。
These variables may constitute a formation and maintenance model of oil industry administrative monopoly.
这八家公司共同运作，形成了成熟的寡头垄断格局，实质上是在模仿整个市场。
Together these eight companies operated as a mature oligopoly, essentially miming the entire market.
电信学说形成于垄断和基础设施匮乏的年代，从来就没有被透彻地研究过。
Telco doctrine, formed in the age of monopoly and scarce infrastructure, is rarely examined explicitly.
直到现在，天空电视的订购户上缴的增值税率也才只有20%正常税率的一半。税率优惠的原因是为了增加用户的选择余地，形成现在的双头垄断。
Until now, the VAT paid by Sky's subscribers has been half the normal 20% rate, a tax break designed to promote an alternative to the existing "duopoly".
费舍尔的命运表明英国在侵犯性小报上没有形成垄断。Tabloid，这个单词在19世纪末起初用来表示压缩药片，但是后来又涉及到了“紧凑的”报纸的意思。
Mr Fischer's fate shows that Britainhas no monopoly on aggressive tabloids-a word initially used for compressed tablets in the late 19th century, but which then came to mean "compact" journalism.
如果构建新的Web应用程序，您可能是一个新市场的最先开拓者，从而形成垄断市场地位迫使竞争对手靠价格竞争来削弱您在市场上的主导地位。
If you are building new Web applications, you may be the first entrant in a new market creating a dominant market-share forcing competitors to compete on price to diminish your market dominance.
相比摩托罗拉移动与谷歌，Autonomy公司与惠普目前的业务显然更加合拍，但没人会担心惠普会形成市场垄断。
an HP monopoly is not on anyone's radar, even though Autonomy seems to be more in line with HP's existing business than Motorola Mobility is with Google's.
其价值形成有三个方面：行业优势和价值转换、垄断经营的超额收益和风险回报。
The value of business concession Consists of industry superiority, value transformation, extra earning of monopoly operation and risk premium.
文章同时指出，垄断或寡占竞争市场格局的形成取决于东道国市场的开放度以及竞争者之间的实力对比。
So the conclusion of this article is the number of TNCs in the host country and the openness policy determine the market structure, the monopolistic or oligopolistic.
第二部分论述了信息产业垄断形成原因的特点。
The second part discourses upon the characteristics concerning the cause of formation of information Industry monopoly.
但另一方面，企业合并会不同程度地形成垄断势力，从而阻碍正常的市场竞争机制。
On the other hand, it will form the monopoly power to restrict the normal market competition system in broad or narrow extent.
形成垄断之后，从理论上讲，它以向有具体特殊技能的工人支付“低于应有水平”的工资，而不是象其他行业一样大幅度地提高工资。
Thereafter it could theoretically fail to increase wage rates as much as other industries, and so pay "substandard" wages for that particular specialized skill.
近年来，铁路各部门互相合并形成了超级系统，导致对垄断的担忧加深。
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.
本文结合交易费用理论和分工专业化理论解释了跨国垄断结构企业的形成，认为其本质是动态企业联盟。
This paper explains the monopoly structure's formation with transaction cost approach and theory of division of labor.
国内某些行业中确实存在海外投资商占有较大市场份额的情况，但这并不意味垄断形成。
He explained that although foreign investors do have a large market share in certain industries, it does not necessarily mean monopolies.
怎样建立一种机制并依照反垄断法，保护最开始的竞争-以防最终形成垄断局面？
How to implement a mechanism that safeguards competition from the very beginning - instead of afterwards trying to fight actual or alleged dominant positions with anti trust law?
随着FDI在中国投资规模日益扩大，在各行业市场份额的不断增加，社会各界开始关注FDI在中国产业中是否会形成垄断这一问题。
With the expansion of FDI in China and its market-share increase in each industry, whether or not FDI will monopolize China's industries has struck the attention of all walks of life in society.
所以，应该打破石油供给的国有垄断，引入民营资本，形成寡头垄断的市场结构。
So monopoly should be broken, real oligopoly should be constructed. Private oil enterprise should be allowed to enter the oil supply market.
反垄断法适用豁免制度的形成根源于三个因素：即垄断的直接经济效率性、垄断的竞争效果和公共利益。
The formation of the exemption in the application of antitrust law is due to three factors: the direct economic effectiveness of monopoly, the competitive effect of monopoly, and the public interest.
只有具有超前性的技术创新，才能形成技术壁垒，以防止竞争对手的迅速模仿，从而获得较长时间的垄断利润。
Only the advanced technical innovation can form technical barrier to avoid the competitors' speedy imitation, and then realize long-term monopoly profit.
二是通过权力垄断、支配人力、物力、财力和相关的学术机构与教育资源优先发展与权力相关的知识，形成权力知识。
To monopolize and control manpower, material resources and finance with power, so as to make power infiltrate knowledge and form power knowledge.
而公司收购的结果往往是企业的合并，很容易形成垄断。
But the result of company purchase tends to be the combination of enterprises, and get monopolized.
我国理论界对专利池的研究主要集中在形成机理和反垄断两个方面，长期以来忽视了专利池的治理结构研究。
The research on patent pool theory focuses on the formation mechanism and anti-monopoly policy two aspects, but ignores to study the structure of patent pool for a long time in China.
而这一有效均衡点的出现取决于审计市场中寡头垄断型市场结构的形成。
And the appearance of this efficient equilibrium depends on the formation of oligopoly in audit market.
分析了各种垄断行为的形成原因、表现形式及危害经济秩序的严重后果。
This Chapter also analyses the reason of forming of various Monopoly situations, form of expression, and serious result of impairing the economic order.
但是这种规模经济状态，甚至是由此形成的垄断，都是在竞争中实现的。
But this kind of scale economy, including the monopoly resulted by it, is all from competition system.
没有不同产权形式竞争均衡的形成，追求国家继续垄断所形成的“租”必然导致经济主体行为的异化。
If there exist no competition between property rights, the pursuit of national monopolistic rent will lead to behavioral dissimilation.
本文把分工协作的内在矛盾作为垄断形成的深层基础。
This article treats the intrinsic paradox of the division of work and cooperation as the deep foundation of monopoly's formation.
其原因，一方面是国人专利意识的淡薄，另一方面则是专利与技术标准的捆绑，形成技术垄断。
As for the causes, one is that the patent consciousness of Chinese people is thin, and the other is the technical monopolization caused by the harness of the technique and the technical standards.
中国石油行业之所以形成并维持了这么高的行政垄断程度，有其原因所在。
There is its special reason for maintain of China oil industry's such high degree of administrative monopoly.
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