灵长类动物已经被实验证明确实具有数字概念，而且无需人类对其加以引导，那么更加原始的动物也有这样的数学”才干”吗？
Experiments have confirmed that primates can indeed perform their numerical feats without these clues, but what about the more primitive animals?
发现的残骸有许多都不完整，但还包含一条完整的后腿，足部有三个小脚趾，这是原始动物骨骼中的首例。
Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes.
在动物世界里以及原始人类中，女性在更年期后不久就会死去，因为社会不再需要她们的基因。
In the animal world - and among primitive humans - females were programmed to die not long after menopause, as they were no longer needed genetically.
还有努比亚长颈鹿，有些科学家认为它们可能是与动物原祖关系最近的物种，植被稀疏而酷热的大草原就是它们原始的栖息之所。
There are Nubian giraffe that some scientists think may be the closest to the animal’s original ancestor; the sparse savannah and thick heat are its original habitat.
所有这些海洋原始动物都有生长得很完善的侧鳍。
Syrinxdidi: All of these primitive sea creatures had well developed lateral fins.
很多原始民族认为吃某种动物可以使他们获得这种动物的一些好的品质。
Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
由于骨骼不会在动物冬眠时生长，因此年轮缺失的现象使他们得出了原始的理论。
Since bones don't grow when an animal hibernates, the absence of rings led them to their original theory.
尽管原始，这些武器给了早期人类一个巨大的优势，借此获得热量丰富的猎物，保卫自己免受食肉动物或其他人的攻击。
Primitive as these weapons may have been, they gave early humans a huge advantage in hunting for calorie-rich meat and for defending themselves from predators or other humans.
但是超出这种原始情感和可预见的行为反应，即需要思维过程的复杂的动物情感，其存在的可能性是难以证明的。
But beyond such instinctual emotions and their predictable behavioral responses, the possibility of more complex animal feelings — those that entail mental processing — is difficult to demonstrate.
然而事实上，作为现代动物的前身，原始动物有这种简单的身体构造是十分自然的。
But, in fact, such simple bodies are exactly what should be expected of primitive forerunners of later animals.
这是个挑战，因为原始的哺乳动物大脑并不受制于逻辑和婚约，就象你或许已发现的，你不可能靠意志力使自己爱上某人，或是让爱情保鲜。
It's challenging because the primitive mammalian brain doesn't run on logic or vows. You may have noticed that you can't use willpower to force yourself to fall in love — or stay in love.
最原始的羽毛是单纤维，类似于刚毛，从爬行动物的皮肤上突出来。
Feathers in their most primitive form were single filaments, resembling quills, that jutted from reptilian skin.
这证明，两足动物的演化史并不是在大草原上进行的。但是，由于毛发不会变成化石，因此很难确定原始人类在什么时候开始失去毛发。
That proved bipedalism did not evolve on the savannah, but since hair does not fossilise, it is hard to establish when the hominids began to lose it.
还有原始土著文化，令人眼花缭乱的盐田，神秘的爬行动物，粗削的原始峡谷。
And then there are ancient Aboriginal cultures, dazzling salt pans, secretive reptiles, rough-cut canyons and pristine gorges.
这些原始型的可怕动物是唯一一种以吸血为生的哺乳动物。
These archetypal eerie animals are the only mammals that subsist solely on blood.
许多原始人相信通过吃某种动物，他们就能获得它的某些长处。
Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
许多原始生物灭绝，鲨鱼和硬骨鱼成为水域的主人，四足动物最终进化成了恐龙和哺乳动物，征服了陆地。
Many primitive lineages went extinct as sharks and bony fish became masters of the waters and tetrapods, the four-legged animals that eventually evolved into dinosaurs and mammals, conquered the land.
这种原始的哺乳动物生活在澳大利亚东部，在水中觅食，窝建造在河溪的岸上。
The primitive mammal lives in burrows in Eastern Australia dug along the banks of streams and rivers that it relies on for food.
研究结果同时表明，笑和喜悦并不只是人类所特有的，早在人类会笑之前，其它一些动物就已经拥有原始形态的笑声了。
But here's the punch line: laughter and joy are not unique to humans, the study says. Ancestral forms of play and laughter existed in other animals long before humans began cracking up.
这些遗骸化石被认为属于两名男性及三名女性，发现时旁边还有一些石器及有切割印迹的动物骨骼化石，这表明这些原始人当时在准备肉食。
Remains thought to belong to two males and three females were found next to stone tools and animal bones bearing cut marks, suggesting the species prepared meat for food.
这只恐龙很可能是原始的蜥脚类亚目动物——长颈、四条腿的食草动物，类似于我们较为熟悉的腕足类恐龙。
The animal would have been a primitive sauropod — a long-necked, four-legged grazer similar to the better known brachiosaurs.
穿着动物皮的原始人在广袤的冰原上辛苦地搜寻食物。
Primitive humans, clad in animal skins, trekking across vast expanses of ice in a desperate search to find food.
这个有着毛绒绒的头的可爱动物仅仅是我们来到原始森林的借口。这里空气清新，阳光温暖，河水清澈见底。
The fuzzy-headed animals are just a means to an end, an excuse and a pretext to tramp through a pristine rain forest where the air is cool, the sun warm and the rivers Evian-clear.
相互为对方穿衣服是超级亲密的，因为这个利用了象“动物用嘴整理配偶毛发”一样，装扮你爱人的原始本能。
Dressing each other is super intimate since it taps in to the primal instinct to “preen” your mate.
这是一位女性原始人的骨骼化石，她的遗体显然是被路过的河马或其他食草类动物踏入了泥泞之中，因此躲过了那些食腐动物的破坏。
After the female died, her remains apparently were trampled down into mud by passing hippos or other herbivores and protected from scavengers.
动物的原始冲动流传下来的另外一个，更具代表性的产物就是“权宜婚姻”，也即所谓的“钓金龟婿”。
A second--and perhaps even more representative--remnant of this primal dynamic could be the "marriage of convenience, " or so-called "gold-digging."
在原始环境中，这样做能够减少食肉动物发现你的机率，但是如果向你急速靠近的的一辆车时站立不动时没有用的。
In the ancestral environment, this reduced a predator's ability to see you—but that doesn't help when what's speeding toward you is a car.
直到至少1千万年以后，我们才又发现了脊椎动物在陆地上的足迹，这次是原始两栖动物ichthyostegalians，我们都是由它最终进化而来。
It wasn't until at least another 10 million years later that we got footprints from vertebrates on land again, this time from the ichthyostegalians, the proto-amphibians we're all descended from.
最好的解决方法是“保护大片原始的未开发区域，尽量减少与野生动物的接触”，Keesing在《自然》中这样说。
The best solution to both situations: "Preserving large intact areas and minimizing contact with wildlife would go a big step of the way to reducing disease," Keesing said in.
最好的解决方法是“保护大片原始的未开发区域，尽量减少与野生动物的接触”，Keesing在《自然》中这样说。
The best solution to both situations: "Preserving large intact areas and minimizing contact with wildlife would go a big step of the way to reducing disease," Keesing said in.
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