文学性，什么是文学性？
首要原则是，需要锁定要谈论，即学习的目标，可是，谁知道什么是文学。
You need to pin down an object of study, a first principle from which other principles can emerge, and part of the process is to say, "Hey, it's not literature we're talking about."
我在中国的小报上读到过两个真实的事件，我把它们举例出来，也许可以说明什么是文学中的现实。
There are a couple of true stories I've read in the Chinese tabloids which may perhaps shed some light on what I mean by the reality in literature.
然而，对于究竟什么是文学的自主性以及在什么层面上确立文学自主性的理论依据，人们的理解并不一致。
However, it is until now that people have never achieved a unanimous agreement about what is literature autonomy and at what level to confirm it.
认识文学教育，主要是结合文学的本质从理论上阐述什么是文学教育，文学教育的本质、功能及它与语文教育的关系等。
As to awareness of literature education, the author clarifies its definition, essence, function, and its relationship with Chinese education theoretically.
而真正的大奖是解决以下这个天文学中最棘手，但也是最根本的问题：宇宙是有什么构成的？
And the real grand prize is helping to solve one of the trickiest and most fundamental puzzles in astronomy: What is the universe made of?
这就是他的美学，问题是：,在这三个层次进行文学分析的,结果是什么？
So that's his aesthetic. The question then is: what is the interpretative payoff of undertaking literary analysis at these three levels?
你看直到最近，什么组成了一颗行星，行星是天文学里最简单的概念。
You see, until recently what makes a planet a planet was one of the simpler concepts astronomy.
你是真的热爱文学，这已经是个稀罕事了，那你有什么会做不成呢？
With your genuine love for literature, a thing so rare now, what can you not achieve?
观察是科学的开始。下一步是解释。但是，这些早期的天文学家止于观察。他们想知道星星在做些什么。
Observation is the beginning of science. The next step is explanation. But these early astronomers stopped with observation. They wanted to know what the stars were doing.
我现在记不起为什么我会说这么一个答案，可能是因为我那时候刚读了一本由诺贝尔文学奖得主写的书，或者是那天的名人正好是个著名作家。
I cannot now remember why I gave that answer, perhaps because I had recently read a book by a Nobel Laureate or perhaps because the Desert Island celebrity of that day had been a famous writer.
在市区和郊区的天空上，南鱼座是唯一可以在南部秋天的夜晚可以看见的星座。这就是为什么天文学家称他为“最孤独的”。
In urban or suburban skies, Fomalhaut is the only bright star visible in the south on autumn evenings. That's why astronomers often call it the "loneliest" star.
兰利阐述了什么是他所谓的新天文学。
我的题目提出的问题，当然，是一个经典的面向人文科学的专业所提出的问题：学习文学、艺术或哲学能有什么实效价值？
The question my title poses, of course, is the one that is classically aimed at humanities majors. What practical value could there possibly be in studying literature or art or philosophy?
它还应该介绍并简要回顾文学主题，介绍和解释什么是已知的理论框架。
It should also introduce and briefly review the literature on your topic to show what is already known and explain the theoretical framework.
什么是经典文学？经典文学作品是文学世界的珍贵遗产。
What is classic literature? Classics are the antiques of the literary.
恋爱关系中最强烈的是新鲜感。这就是为什么伟大的文学作品从来不去描述人们如何幸福地生活在一起。
What's intense in a relationship is newness. That' s why the great romances of literature are never between people who stay together.
鲁迅思想和文学的逻辑起点是“立人”，但他以什么“立人”呢?。
The logical standing point of Lu Xun's thought and literature is "to be a man", but how could he do this?
诗歌是一种全民消遣，但并不是什么特别的“专业活动”，冰岛大学冰岛文学教授斯温·伊格维·埃吉尔松（Sveinn YngviEgilsson）说。
Poetry is a national pastime, but not a particularly "specialist activity, " said Sveinn Yngvi Egilsson, a professor of Icelandic literature at the University of Iceland.
历史运行的动力到底是什么？历史的变迁到底是如何发生的？ 2 0世纪末的中国文学有着不同于以往的解读。
What pushed history forward? Why did history change? Chinese literature at the end of the 20th century can be differently interpreted.
这也是为什么蒂娜·米林顿现在会在布鲁克林区的羊头湾中学教文学课，而不是留在她的本国巴巴多斯，她在巴巴多斯是一名执证教师。
That's why Tina Millington is leading this literature class at Brooklyn's Sheep's Head Bay High School and not in her native Barbados, where she's a 1 certified teacher.
这也是为什么蒂娜·米林顿现在会在布鲁克林区的羊头湾中学教文学课，而不是留在她的本国巴巴多斯，她在巴巴多斯是一名执证教师。
That's why Tina Millington is leading this literature class at Brooklyn's Sheep's Head Bay High School and not in her native Barbados, where she's a 1 certified teacher.
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