The formation energy of vacancy is calculated from, the surface tension of solid.
从固体的表面张力出发，求得空位的形成能。
Frost consists of tiny crystals of ice which grow outward from a solid surface.
霜是由冰的微晶组成，它生长在固体表面的外部。
Frost consists of tiny crystals of ice which grow outward from a solid surface.
霜是由冰的微晶组成，它生长在固体表面的外部。
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