The economy was hidebound by public spending and private monopolies.
该经济体由于公共开支和私有垄断而变得僵化。
Electricity, gas and water were considered to be natural monopolies.
电、煤气和水垄断经营过去被认为是理所当然的。
Tech multinationals' monopolies should be prevented.
我们应该防止高科技跨国公司的垄断。
Government's role in the economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies and special privileges.
政府在经济中的作用是通过破坏垄断和特权来促进竞争。
The system of patent-granting, which confers temporary monopolies for the exploitation of new technologies, was originally established as an incentive to the pursuit of risky new ideas.
专利授予制度为开发新技术提供了暂时的垄断地位，它最初的建立是为了激励人们追求有风险的新想法。
There are very few pure monopolies.
纯粹的垄断出现得很少。
The new rules will end those monopolies.
这些新的规定将结束这些垄断。
But a and technology has broken media monopolies.
但是由于法规约束和技术改进，媒体垄断被打破。
Natural monopolies that work when everyone USES them.
在每个人都会使用它们的时候自然垄断就出现了。
New monopolies could still arise in other technological fields, too.
其他技术领域也能助长新的垄断。
So newspapers were monopolies, and local TV stations were oligopolies.
因此，报纸是卖方垄断，本地电视则是买方垄断。
Software is a very competitive business, prone to natural monopolies.
软件行业竞争残酷-优胜劣汰。
Many of the old Banks and law firms operated as monopolies or cartels.
许多老的银行和法律公司都是以垄断或者卡特尔的方式运作的。
But a combination of regulation and technology has broken media monopolies.
但是监管和技术的结合打破了媒体的垄断地位。
Private oligopolies and state energy monopolies still survive in Mexico, for example.
比如，在墨西哥仍存在私有寡头和国有能源垄断。
In the old days, antitrust laws kept monopolies from buying potential competitors.
过去，反垄断法禁止垄断大户收购其潜在竞争者。
Do the technology monopolies surrounding the Internet look different than the past?
互联网的信息巨头们和过去的垄断者相比看上去有不同吗？
But it seems unlikely that the mobile-phone industry will produce such quasi-monopolies.
但是似乎不可能手机产业会产生这样的准垄断。
Conventional economic wisdom holds that monopolies should spend heavily on research.
根据传统经济学的经验，垄断者应不惜重金搞科研。
It wants to storm the last bastion of post-office monopolies (carrying ordinary letters).
它还想攻克邮政垄断这最后一个“碉堡”(从事普通平邮业务的公司)。
Electricity prices are high because the monopolies have little incentive to cut costs.
电价高昂是因为垄断商们没什么理由削减成本。
Monopolies are actually even more likely in highly networked markets like the online world.
事实上，在高度网络化的市场(如：网上世界)，垄断更有可能发生。
These monopolies also prevent Japan from seriously pursuing alternative sources of electricity.
这些垄断组织还严重阻挡着日本寻找电力的可替代能源。
That's because big league teams in the us-and the leagues themselves-are, in effect, monopolies.
这是因为美国大联盟各球队——和联盟自身——事实上是垄断的。
In retrospect it is clear that the industry became too dependent on local advertising monopolies.
过去很明显，新闻业过多的依靠当地广告垄断商。
The import and roasting of coffee became state monopolies; royal sniffers sought out rogue roasters.
咖啡的进口和烘烤成为国家垄断产业，皇家嗅探者竭力搜寻不法烘烤人。
Then, in the 1980s, cable-television companies secured local monopolies to provide coaxial cable as well.
而后二十世纪八十年代，有线电视公司利用共轴电缆取得了地区垄断。
Then, in the 1980s, cable-television companies secured local monopolies to provide coaxial cable as well.
而后二十世纪八十年代，有线电视公司利用共轴电缆取得了地区垄断。
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