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I think that going forward, both the rating agencies and the banks will be very important in our society.
我认为这会有效果,信用评级机构和银行,都将会在我们的社会中扮演很重要的角色
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that could do anything from consulting to banking to finance to recruitment agencies.
从咨询到银行业，到金融，到招聘中介机构，各行各业都有。
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The banks were not technically government institutions well they're semi-government; it's kind of strange set-up.
严格来说，这些银行,不是政府机构它们是半政府机构；,它们是奇特地建立的。
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There was sort of an economic takeoff in the 1850s and '60s in Paris because the State banks are in Paris, the State financial institutions are in Paris, and they can make or break investment in all these places.
在十九世纪五十至六十年代的巴黎,有了一次经济的腾飞,因为国家银行设在了巴黎,国家金融机构在巴黎,这些机构可以设立或取消全国的投资
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s treasury secretary Hank Paulson intervened to prevent Bear sterns, re in wall street now, one of the gigantic financial institutions from collapsing altogether.
008年3月，布什的财政部长，In，march，2008，，Bush’,汉克，鲍尔森,干预阻止贝尔斯登银行，贝尔斯登银行是华尔街上，they’,的一家大的金融机构,政府干预没有让其倒闭。
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It emerged into an institution in which banks would have notes bank notes-that circulated widely and we began to think of them as money.
它出现于一个银行保有票据,的机构,这个票据就是钞票---那种流通广泛的钞票,我们把它视为金钱。
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Instead it deals with financial institutions and it gets involved in underwriting securities for financial institutions.
投资银行的业务对象是金融机构,业务涉及,金融机构的证券包销
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Banks are institutions that exist within the community, and they live among the business people in the community and have an ongoing relationship with them.
银行是存在于一定社会环境中的机构,它存在于这个社会环境内的商企人士之中,并和他们之间保持着联系
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We're left with the central banking institutions that are now functioning without convertibility to gold.
我们现在与那些,现如今运行时没有金子转换功能,的中央银行机构打交道。
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That was to protect depositors in the case of bank failure and it was a very important innovation because, at that time, there were huge runs on banks.
以保护储户在银行破产中免受损失,该机构的成立是个创举,因为那段时期,银行遭到挤兑
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An investment bank is a different kind of bank.
投资银行是有别于一般银行的金融机构
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The Federal Reserve System was a gold standard institution like the Bank of England.
当时的联邦储备系统是一个,像英格兰银行一样的金本位制度的机构。
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Well, why not state chartered banks or why not credit unions or other things?
政府为什么不出租银行,为什么不出租信用社或者其他金融机构？
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You could not be both a depository institution and an investment bank.
银行不能既是一个储蓄机构又是,一个投行。
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In the Savings and Loan crisis it was a certain segment of the banking community--the S&L's that seemed to be in trouble but it didn't seem to be then a house of cards that could spread around the country and around the world.
在储贷危机中，只是银行机构中的,一个特定部分-储蓄和存款,陷入了困境,但是这似乎不是一个,能够延伸至整个国家,和整个世界的不切实际的无法实现的计划。
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The Fed has never given loans to anyone other than a depository institution that is a bank until last month, except they did so in the Depression.
上个月，联邦政府已经开始限制贷款业务,除了银行以外的其他金融机构,休想再放出一分钱的贷款，也就是在萧条时政府才会这么做。
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The rating agencies weren't cutting the ratings as they should and these European banks were just kind of naively trusting and it just didn't get figured out.
信用评级机构并未按照实际评级,这些欧洲银行却很傻很天真地相信了,没有认识到潜在的风险
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I mentioned earlier that we used to be on the gold standard and central banks were gold standard institutions that were trying to stabilize the economy but subject to the constraint that they had to maintain convertibility with gold but those central banks' role has changed a lot.
直至改变,我之前提到,我们过去是以金本位为基础的,并且中央银行也是以金本位为基础的机构,它们试图稳固经济,但是也在,保持金子的转换功能约束下。
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Banks have been creating something called Structured Investment Vehicles in recent years.
银行近年来设立了一类,从事结构化投资的机构,即SIV
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But the FSLIC wasn't; it was sleeping at the switch, so it allowed banks in the United States -it was primarily Savings and Loans who did this -to make bad loans and they were playing this moral hazard game.
但是FSLIC没有如此,制度变换初期他们对一切放任不管,于是这让美国的银行...,主要指的是那些储蓄贷款机构...,发放不良贷款,他们开始参与这项充满道德风险的游戏
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s up to the Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac to collect mortgages over the next thirty years So let me make sure I have the sequence right Housing prices extremely high among other entities congress place pressure on the banking systems they were ordinary banking systems to make loans more and more affordable.
结果是房地美和房利美，And，it’,在过去三十年收集全国贷款,让我整理一下顺序,房价很高,及其他政府机构,给银行压力,即普通银行,放贷给民间,让更多人买得起。
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