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Instead of having a central bank we decided that there would be a list of banks called the National Banks.
与拥有一个中央银行不同的是,我们决定将很多银行归到,国家银行的行列中。
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It was granted a monopoly on joint stock banking by Parliament in return for giving war loans to the government.
作为向政府给予战争贷款的交换,英格兰银行被英国国会授予,成为股份制银行的垄断者。
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You've got these warehouses along the canals and here's where the bankers-- the Dutch had the most, along with the English, had sophisticated banking system in the world.
你已经见过了这些运河旁的仓库了,这些银行家们,大部分来自于荷兰,同时也来自英国,他们拥有世界上最复杂的的银行系统
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It did it through banks; they gave the money to banks to make loans to people who were in trouble.
贷款还是通过银行发放,他们把钱给银行,然后由银行向有困难的人放贷
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Northern Rock, which was a building society in the United Kingdom, had a sudden bank run in September 2007.
北岩银行,是英国的一家建屋互助会,在2007年9月突然出现银行挤兑
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There must be fundamental reasons for it and I wanted to go over some of the fundamental reasons why we have banks.
它的形成必有其根本的原因,下面我就阐述银行产生的一些基本原因,为什么会有银行
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And the central and also there are the banks from the regional banks that have a roll.
而且中央银行和地区银行,都有发挥的空间。
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The Federal Reserve Banks are owned not by the government but by the banks in the region where they operate; they're called member banks.
联邦储备银行并不是,被政府所有的,而是被它们运行所在的区域内的银行所有；,它们被称为联邦储备银行的会员银行。
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So banks that become a member of the Federal Reserve System get shares and they become stockholders in the Federal Reserve Bank.
所以，联邦储备银行的会员银行,得到股份并且在联邦储备银行成为股东,它们分得股利。
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They're operating like banks, but they're not regulated as banks, so Basel II doesn't apply to them and they can do what they want.
它们像银行一样运作,但并不纳入银行监管,所以它们不在新巴塞尔协议监管范围之内,它们可以为所欲为
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In fact, that is essential to banking and it's kind of part of the -you might almost call it the definition of a bank.
事实上,这对银行业务是至关重要的,并且这是部分的...,几乎可以说这就是银行的定义
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Investment banks are very different in that a pure investment bank does not accept deposits and it doesn't make loans; it's an underwriter for securities.
投资银行是完全不同的,单纯的投资银行既不吸收存款,也不发放贷款,投行是证券承销商
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The National Banks would be required to help bail out any bank that was failing.
国家银行将保释,那些即将倒闭的银行。
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That means you could go to a bank and demand gold and the bank then could go to the Federal Reserve and get gold for it.
这意味着你可以走进一家银行,索要金子，然后那家银行可以,去联邦储备银行得到这部分金子。
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Well there weren't government banks; originally they were all private.
确实，不只政府银行在印制；,起初，所有银行都是私有的。
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The Bank of England if you were a little bank somewhere in the U.K.
英格兰银行,如果你是英国的一家小银行的话。
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The thought was that the central bank is guarding the money stock and governments have a tendency to sometimes want to raid the bank when they're in trouble.
观点是,中央银行在保护金融债券,而政府当看到,银行陷入困境时,有查抄这家银行的倾向。
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People were pulling money out of banks because they feared that if the bank failed, then they would lose their money; it created a huge crisis in 1933.
人们纷纷从银行提取现金,因为他们担心,万一银行破产,他们就会血本无归,这种情况导致了1933年经济危机
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That was to protect depositors in the case of bank failure and it was a very important innovation because, at that time, there were huge runs on banks.
以保护储户在银行破产中免受损失,该机构的成立是个创举,因为那段时期,银行遭到挤兑
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All the banks complied and kept deposits with the Bank of England.
所有的银行都遵从,并且对英格兰银行付了保证金。
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It's now called NewAlliance Bank; it's no longer a saving bank.
现在叫新联盟银行,它不再是一家储蓄银行了
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What we've seen is a testing of the system -that we have regulatory requirements, that banks have enough capital -but this regulation is challenging because it's being stressed right now.
我们列举的这些案例都是对银行体系的考验,我们需要加强监管,以确保银行有充足的资本,但监管确实是一项艰巨的任务,因为现在面对的压力更大了
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Instead of setting up a central bank in the United States as was done commonly in other countries the United States instead created twelve banks; they're the twelve Federal Reserve Banks.
与在很多国家设立中央银行,不同的是,在美国,建立了十二个银行；,它们是十二个联邦储备金银行。
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You have lots of banks; the banks are taking in gold and issuing notes but they are forced by the Bank of England to keep a deposit at the Bank of England.
英国有很多家银行；,它们吸入金子并且发行纸币,但是它们都被英格兰银行强迫,在英格兰银行付保证金。
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It's also about: how banks operate; what their function is in our society; and, why they are such important institutions that have gone back for hundreds of years and remain powerful, central features in our economy.
也会讲到,银行如何运作,银行在社会上的功能,以及为什么几百年来,银行依然在经济生活中拥有,重要的作用
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The U.S. Federal Reserve System was really a copy of the Bank of England thinking that, well, the Bank of England managed to prevent bank runs for all these years, let's create the Fed, which we'll talk about again later.
美国联邦储备制度,就是模仿英格兰银行而建立的,试想一下,由于英格兰银行在预防,银行挤兑方面一直都很成功,所以美国就效仿建立联邦储备,后面的课程再讲美联储
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If banks get in trouble and they can't pay out -if one bank gets in trouble and can't pay out on its deposits, then that can bring the whole system down because it can cause a panic among investors -among depositors and banks -and create a run on a bank.
如果银行出现问题而且他们无法支付...,如果一家银行出现问题,并且无法支付提取的存款,那么这就会使得整个系统崩溃,因为这会在投资者中引起恐慌...,在存款人和银行中引起恐慌,并且造成银行挤兑
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So the Suffolk Bank became a banker's bank and it lasted until 1860.
于是，Suffolk银行成为了银行主的银行,并且这一直持续到1860年。
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So, the bank has an SIV on its books, but the SIV is not part of the bank, so it's not subject to the bank capital requirements.
所以SIV会在银行账面上反映,但SIV却不是银行,所以它无需满足银行的资本要求
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