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They often involve networks of reactions, not just one enzyme but a series of enzymes that serve to amplify each other.
这些反应通常包括一个反应网络,不只是一种酶,而是一系列的酶来进行级联放大
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These are molecules that exist naturally in cell membranes and are activated by certain enzymes and kinases generated by receptors.
这些分子存在于细胞膜表面,能被受体激活的某种酶或激酶所活化
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There's a way to actually grind down and prepare the flour, so that you promote the enzymes within the plant to breakdown the cyanide precursors.
有一种方法是将它们磨碎，做成粉，这样就可以促进它们本身带有,酶将氰化物的前驱体分解掉。
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Only cells in your brain make the enzymes that produce certain neuron transmitters that are responsible for brain function.
只有脑细胞产生,促进神经传导的相关酶,由此维持大脑功能
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Or you could ask the question, I have this restriction enzyme, at what regions on this plasmid will it cut?
你也可以这样问,我的这种限制性内切酶,会从质粒的哪个区域切开呢
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She needs to know this enzyme works by both acid base chemistry, and oxidation reduction.
她要知道酶催化，她需要知道这种酶,在酸碱环境下的反应和氧化还原反应。
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I apply ligase, and I've got the plasmid that I had before but now with my gene, colored green here,inserted.
我用连接酶,就能在质粒中把基因,这里绿色的部分,插进去
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Cutting involves enzymes called restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, which I've already mentioned and they have names.
切割用到的酶叫限制性核酸内切酶,或限制性内切酶,我已经提到过了,而且它们都有名字
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Here the unique thing was that there's a restriction site inside that is present in normal DNA and not present in sickle DNA.
刚才例子中,特性就是在正常的基因中,有酶切位点,而在患者的基因中却没有
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Of course, she needs to know the basic principles, but she's also talking about it an enzyme, so she needs to know about enzyme catalysis.
她需要知道这表上的许多东西，当然她需要知道到这些基本原理，她研究的是一种酶。
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That's an example of symmetric sequence and it happens that most restriction enzymes also recognize those spaces.
这是一个对称序列的例子,大多数限制性内切酶都能识别这些序列
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This restriction enzyme was found in a natural source, it was found in a micro-organism called E.coli.
这个限制性内切酶源于自然界,是从名为大肠杆菌的微生物中发现的
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In this case, this particular restriction enzyme cuts symmetrically like this, but not at the same point.
在我们这种情况下,这个限制性内切酶总是这样对称地切割,但两条链切割的位点不一样
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So, that's kinetics -- how fast a reaction will go, and from the perspective of someone who's a biochemist, I'm interested in kinetics and enzyme kinetics, and thinking about molecules that catalyze reactions in the body.
所以这就是动力学，一个反应发生的有多快,从一个生物化学家的角度,我喜欢研究动力学,酶动力学。
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This is - there are also other receptors that are linked to other enzymes besides kinases.
除了激酶以外,还有很多其他的受体,与酶相偶联
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They do that in a very special way in that they - restriction enzymes are able to identify a particular sequence of bases in a gene.
限制性内切酶的工作机制很特别,它能识别基因中的一段特定的碱基序列
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Because that's the temperature at which many of the molecules in our bodies operate at their most efficient, and enzymes is the best example of that.
因为在正常体温下,体内许多分子活性最高,酶就是其中最好的例子
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There are whole catalogs that you go to and buy restriction enzymes.
我们已经可以从整本的目录上,挑选购买限制性内切酶
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This takes advantage of the very specific properties of restriction enzymes.
这利用了限制酶的独特性质
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That cutting is done by special proteins called restriction enzymes.
切割是由一种特别的蛋白质完成的,称为限制性内切酶
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Enzymes work best, enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions and our bodies operate by elaborate networks of chemical reactions, When we're off from that temperature then they don't work properly.
举酶这个例子再好不过,酶是一种具有催化作用的蛋白质,人体依靠精密复杂的化学反应网络来运转,如果我们体温与之相差较大,这些酶就不能正常工作
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What are the properties of this restriction enzymes?
这种限制性内切酶的特性是什么
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So, these are receptors, for example, that bind the ligand and then liberate an enzyme which promotes some sort of reaction inside the cell, often it's kinases but doesn't have to be.
例如,这里是受体,与配体相结合,激活一种酶,这种酶能够催化细胞内的某些反应,这些酶通常都是激酶,但不全是
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A reaction performed by one enzyme creates a product that stimulates another enzyme that creates a product, and stimulates another enzyme, and through this cascade of reactions you amplify and carry the signal forward.
一种酶催化生成的产物会活化另一种酶,而它催化的产物又能激活其他酶,催化反应生成另一种产物,通过这层层反应,信号被放大,并不断向前传递
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It takes advantage of the specificity of the restriction enzymes, the fact that we know what the gene sequence that we're looking for, and using this technological process of electrophoresis to identify changes that we predict.
这个方法利用了限制酶特有的性质,我们知道我们在找什么样的基因序列,从而才能利用电泳这个技术流程,来识别出我们预计的情况
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Those changes usually involve enzymes.
这些变化通常需要酶的参与
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Another family is receptor tyrosine kinases, I'll show another picture in a moment that tells you more about what a kinase is, but a kinase is basically an enzyme that can add a phosphorous to another molecule.
另一类是酪氨酸激酶受体,马上我给你们看另一张图,这张图会更详细地告诉你们激酶是什么,激酶是一种能够,向其他分子上添加磷酸基团的酶
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In some cells they're recycled, that is the cell is able to take up the neurotransmitter after it's released and restore it, but most often there are enzyme systems inside the pre-synaptic membrane where those neurotransmitters are synthesized.
在一些细胞中神经递质可以循环利用,这些细胞可以吸收,已经释放出的神经递质并重新储存起来,但更常见的是突触前膜中含有酶系统,在此合成神经递质
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When it cuts it leaves sticky ends or un-base paired single stranded regions on each end of the part its cut and that's just a property of many restriction enzymes; not all, some cut blunt,just right down the middle.
它切割后会留下两个粘性末端,或者未配对的单链部分,这是许多限制性内切酶的特性,但不是全部,有些限制性内切酶是从中间钝切的
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Restriction enzymes have names, The names all look - they're all italicized and they're capital letters and small letters so that they won't be easy for you to understand, but they are - if you know the nomenclature, easy to understand.
限制性内切酶有自己的名字,名字看起来都很--,都是斜体的,大写小写字母混合,你们不太容易理解,但它们都是--如果你懂命名法,是很容易理解的
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