So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.

所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.

所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, some of these cases were probably due to polio that was transmitted by incompletely killed virus that was present in the vaccine.

因此,那些病例的发病的原因,是被那些疫苗中携带的,没有被完全杀死的病毒感染

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, you're treating healthy people and you're trying to prevent them from getting a disease and you don't know who's going to get it.

所以,你处治的对象是健康人群,要使他们远离疾病,但你不知道谁会被感染

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Well, it turns out that we could not identify, at least at that point, a cell culture that would serve as a host for vaccinia.

然而我们还不能断定,至少这个时候无法断定,这些被感染的细胞就是牛痘病毒的宿主

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

They often kill the cells that they infect, and that's a problem with viruses.

它们经常杀死被感染的细胞,这是病毒的一大危害

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, it first infects you because you breathe in some of the infectious agent.

所以,只要吸入病原体,你就会被感染

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Think for a minute about what happens if you get infected with a virus.

想一想,如果你被病毒感染了会怎么样

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The answer is "Yes you would", the question is "Would that response, even though it's much faster, be fast enough to protect you from the initial exposure to tetanus that you got?"

是的,你的身体会马上做出应答,问题是 即便免疫应答十分迅速,但是否足够迅速,以保护你不被破伤风杆菌感染

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, you would grow these monkey kidney cells in culture, you would add some virus to the culture broth, the cells would become infected, the virus would go through its life cycle.

我们在培养基中培养这些猴肾细胞,然偶加入一些脊髓灰质炎病毒,这样细胞就会被感染,病毒开始不断繁殖

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There weren't people that got infected, like you can get infected with hepatitis B or tuberculosis, and not even know you're infected.

这不像人们感染了,像B型肝炎或者肺结核这类病时,都有可能不知道自己被感染了

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So, either stimulates the production of-- and differentiation of B-cells, to produce a specific antibody that can neutralize the virus, or stimulates the production of cytotoxic T-cells that can kill infected cells within your body.

所以,疫苗的刺激要么能够,促进B淋巴细胞产生和分化,以生成特定的抗体来杀灭病毒,要么刺激T细胞释放细胞毒素,杀死身体里被感染的细胞

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We did not yet have good methods for screening blood to look for HIV, we didn't have the ELISA technique that I--we talked about in section a few weeks ago and so there was a great concern that there might be other diseases that you'd be passing on from-- unknowingly from this subset of patients that you're isolating the vaccine from.

那时我们还没有一种好的方式,来从血液中筛查出HIV,也还没有ELISA技术,该技术我们在几周前的一个章节中谈到过,因此,那时仍存有,很大的担心,那就是你有可能,在不知情的情况下,被那些病人,感染上其它疾病,因为疫苗就是从他们身上提取出来的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选