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OK, elements with low average valence electron energy, and here I'm saying below 11 electron volts, these are good electron donors.
平均价电子能都较低的元素，我是指那些低于11电子伏的，这些是很好的电子给体。
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The concept he calls a "signified" and the sound image he calls a "signifier."
事物被称为所指,声音形象被称为能指“
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that man is political by nature is not just to say that we become fully human by participating with others in a city.
说人类天生具有政治性,并非意指,我们能成为完整的人,仅是和城市中的其它人共同参与。
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He believed that dreams had a manifest content, meaning; "manifest" meaning what you experience in your dream.
他认为梦是具有显性梦境的;,“显性“是指醒后所能记忆的梦境。
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And those words mean different things: immunogenic means that it stimulates your immune system for a response; pathogenic means that it causes a disease.
这两个词有不同的意义,免疫效应是指,刺激免疫系统产生免疫应答,致病性意指它能使你患病
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The "but" is that there are other ways we could model imperfect competition, and, as we're going to see today, they yield different answers.
但是"是指,通过其它方式也能获得不完全竞争模型,并且,就像我们今天会看到的,它们会产生不同的结论
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That means that somebody has taught us what food is.
这就是指有人告诉我们哪些东西能当食物
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Now we recognize the song. This is the song from Revelation of the virgins who could learn and sing the new song before the throne of the Lord, but Milton has obviously taken John's image here and exploded the implications of its erotic potential.
我们知道这首歌是指哪首了，是《启示录》中,处子们能在上帝宝座跟前学习演唱的那首歌，但很明显，弥尔顿将圣约翰描绘的这景象,所包含的的感性含义都大大扩大化了。
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He has also got all of these things, but the thing that sets him apart, that makes him the special kind of hero he is, is his skill in speech which doesn't mean only that he pronounces words very well, or that he selects them very well for beauty or something.
他也拥上述的品质,然而,他与众不同,称之为特别的英雄的是他的说话技巧,这不仅是指他完美的发音,或是,他能很好地遣词用句,措辞优美,或其他什么
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It's rather, "Can you imagine a world in which the very thing that you really are picking out when you refer to me by the name Shelly-- namely this thing-- can you imagine a world in which that thing exists, but the thing that you're picking up when you use the word Kagan does not exist?"
而是在于,你能不能想象在一个世界里,你用薛立这个名字,指的那个人,也就是这个东西,你能不能想象在一个世界里某个东西存在,而你用卡根这个词,所指的这个东西却不存在
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And the word degenerate simply means same energy, are of equal energy when they're degenerate.
简并“一词指的是，能量相同，你有n平方个等能轨道，是简并的。
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Or I could have a non-adiabatic, I could take the same temperature change, by taking a flame, or a heat source and heating up my substance. So, clearly q is going to depend on the path.
也能改变温度，绝热指的是没有热传递，在非绝热条件下，也同样可以升温,比如用火或者热源加热，这样，q也应当与路径有关。
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So he begins here: Rookslive in a crowd and are mainly vegetarian; Crow may be either another name for rook, especially when seen alone, or it may mean the solitary Carrion crow.
所以他开头这样写道：,白嘴鸦过着群居的生活，它们大部分是素食者;,单独看的时候，乌鸦也能做白嘴鸦的别名，或者乌鸦就是指独居的吃腐肉的乌鸦。
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He says: he signification "sign" has always been comprehended and determined, in its sense, as sign-of, signifier referring to a signified, signifier different from its signified.
他说，“符号“的意义“,总是被理解和决定的，在符号这个意义上，能指指向所指，能指与它的所指不同。
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the signified-signifier relationship, as I said, is arbitrary.
所指和能指的关系，就如我刚才说的，是任意的。
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So how can we say that " justice means helping friends and harming enemies," : Socrates asks, "when we may not even be sure " who our friends and our enemies really are?
所以我们如何能说,正义意指协助朋友并打击敌人“,苏格拉底提问，“尤其是当我们甚至无法确定,谁是真正的朋友及敌人？
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So that what's new in Saussure's thinking about the relationship between signified and signifier is that the sign tied up in this relationship is both arbitrary and differential.
这就是索绪尔所贡献的了,能指和所指的关系,也就是符号的组成方式,是任意的，有差别的。
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A sign, in other words, is made up of two sides in, as it were, a thought moment: a relationship between that which is signified and that which signifiesit.
所以，一个符号是由两面组成的，想一想，能指和所指,的关系。
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The way in which we put signs together is to take these bundles, these binary relationships between a concept and a sound image, and adjust them in an unfolding sequence.
我们随意地将能指和所指捆在一起，也就是构成了一个事物和声音形象的关系，而且他们能被排列成话语。
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Deconstruction calls into question the distinction between language and thought in calling into question the distinction between signifier and signified, even though, as Derrida says, it can't do without a Saussurian vocabulary.
解构主义怀疑,语言和思想的区别，其方式是,怀疑能指和所指之间的区别，尽管如此，正如德里达所说没有索绪尔词汇也是不行的。
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These are some of the implications of no longer being satisfied with the way in which a sign can be understood as a concept to which we attach belatedly a signification, a signifier.
有一些意指已不满足于,符号被理解为概念的方式了,我们就再赋予它们一个含义，一个能指。
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