Sometimes subtle changes in the structure of a protein can convert it from an active state into an inactive state.

有时蛋白质结构上一些很小的变化,就能将其由激活态转变为非激活态

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So we can't actually see any of that, it's too high energy for us to see. So everything we see is going to be where we have the final energy state being n equals 2.

所以我们是看不见它的,它能量太高了，我们能看见的,都是终态等于2的情况。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

If you have the number of moles and two intensive variables, then you know everything there is to know about the system.

如果你有摩尔数,和两个强度量，你就能知道关于这个系统的一切,关于系统的平衡态的一切。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

If that protein is an enzyme then you've and you've switched it from an 'off' position where it's not catalyzing a reaction to an 'on' position where it is, you've changed the biochemical state of the cell, you've changed the chemical reactions that can occur within the cell, and you've changed its behavior.

如果这种蛋白是一种酶的话,你就能够将酶从无催化作用的静息态,激活至能催化反应的激活态,你改变了细胞的生化状态,也改变了细胞内发生的化学反应,改变了细胞的行为

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And you have to ask yourself is the energy difference here, the delta E in the electronic states, how does that compare with the E of visible light?

所以我们会问,是由于能量的不同么，例如deltaE在电子能态的不同，那如何把E与可见光联系起来？

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So I said that this technique was used to experimentally determine what the different binding energies or the different ionization energies are for the different states in a multielectron atom.

我说过，这项技术被用来,在实验上确定多电子原子的,各个不同态相应的束缚能,或者电离能。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And knowing now how to calculate these free energies especially the Helmholtz and the Gibbs free energies,that's what's going to guide us in really calculating quantitatively, OK, where will equilibrium lie.

知道如何计算,这些自由能,尤其是亥姆赫兹和吉布斯自由能之后,这些数值计算就能告诉我们，平衡态到底是什么样子。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

This intuitively should make a lot of sense, because we know we're trying to minimize electron repulsions to keep things in as low an energy state as possible, so it makes sense that we would put one electron in each orbital first before we double up in any orbital.

这个直观上讲得通，因为我们知道尝试去最小化电子排斥力,从而尽可能的保持处于一个较低的能态,所以它讲得通,在我们在同一个轨道放入两个电子之前,我们首先把电子放入每一个轨道。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

In other words, these energy states are not filling just in ascending n number.

也就是说，能态不只是,按照n的升序进行排列的。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

And that's why the Gibbs free energy is just so enormously important.

吉布斯自由能G在平衡态取得最小值,吉布斯自由能是最重要的。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

We should be able to calculate delta H.

应该能计算△H，它是个态函数。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

In some sense, that's one reason to associate this as a kind of energy, H just like mechanical energy u or enthalpy H, it's the minimum free energy state that is the equilibrium state under the relevant conditions.

在某种意义下，这是我们把这些物理量称为能量的原因，就像机械能U和自由焓，具有最小自由能的状态在特定的条件下,就是平衡态。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选