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So, now you have a single molecule, very large molecule, with not just two binding sites but with ten binding sites.
所以如果你体内有一个细胞,一个体积很大的细胞,细胞表面不只有两个抗原结合位点,而有十个抗原结合位点
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They might ingest extracellular antigen, presented pieces of it on their cell surface in the context of MHC-2.
它们可以吞噬胞外抗原,根据细胞表面的,主要组织相容性抗原-2
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Memory cells are long lasting cells that remember this exposure and can respond very quickly on second exposure.
记忆细胞可以长时间记忆与抗原的接触,并在再次免疫中迅速做出应答
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One of the things that happens is that certain cells within your body process the vaccine or the antigen and we talked about that.
在人体内,发生的反应之一是,特定的细胞对疫苗或者抗原做出反应,之前我们讨论过这个
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Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.
于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答
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These are cells that recognize a particular antigen, they're ready to differentiate into antibody.
这些记忆细胞可识别相应的抗原,它们已经准备好分化产生抗体
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We're going to - one of the reasons why you'll see why cell mediated responses are important is because antigens can appear in your body in different ways.
我们将--,细胞免疫如此重要的一个原因是,抗原能够以不同方式出现在体内
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Pieces of your own cells are antigens as well.
你自身细胞的碎片也是抗原
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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Yeast cells were grown in large numbers with this plasmid inside, they expressed the plasmid and so you made Hepatitis B surface antigen not in people but in cell culture where it was not normally formed.
体内携带这种质粒的酵母细胞大量增殖,它们表达质粒,因此,乙型肝炎表面抗原不是在人体内,而是在细胞培养环境下,以非正常方式形成的
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But this antigen presenting cell is more likely a professional antigen presenting cell, or a subset of cells of your immune system that are specialized in ingesting foreign particles and displaying their contents to the rest of the immune system.
但这种抗原呈递细胞更加类似于,专职抗原呈递细胞,或者是体内免疫细胞中的一个亚群,专门从事吞噬异己物质,并告知免疫系统的其他细胞的工作
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Usually the cellular means that they get rid of is that instead of an antibody being produced, you activate a population of cells that will specifically go and hunt down the foreign antigen, or more commonly, cells that contain the foreign antigen.
通常细胞免疫意味着,不用生成抗体就能清除抗原,你激活了一个细胞类群,这一类群能够,并杀伤外源抗原,或者更常见的是,杀伤含有外源抗原的细胞
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So, these memory cells are a way that your immune system keeps track of antigens that it's been exposed to for even if maybe the plasma cells that were producing antibody in response to the initial exposure have died and disappeared.
所以,这些记忆细胞,是人体免疫系统记忆抗原的一种方法,即使由浆细胞产生的抗体,在初次免疫应答中全部被消灭,记忆细胞仍然能迅速分化为抗体分泌细胞
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The other part of the adaptive immune system is the cell mediated immune system and this is an immune where that doesn't involve antibodies but involves cells that are activated in response to a foreign antigen and that utilize cellular means to get rid of it.
获得性免疫系统还包括,细胞免疫,这一免疫反应不包含抗体,但包含可以被激活来应答,并清除外源抗原的免疫细胞
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When these CD8 T-cells see your MHC1 together with an antigen that doesn't belong in you, it creates an immune response.
当CD8 T细胞识别MHC1时,同时识别了不属于你的抗原,由此产生免疫反应
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The antigen has to be presented to helper T-cells, those helper T-cells have to stimulate a B-cell population to both proliferate and differentiate.
抗原需要被呈递给辅助性T细胞,这些辅助性T细胞需要激活B淋巴细胞,使其增殖和分化
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In this case here, you're generating host cells, cytotoxic T-cells, that can kill only very specific cells, cells that are expressing this foreign antigen.
而在这个例子中,人产生宿主细胞,即细胞毒性T细胞,它只会消灭特定的细胞,也就是携带特定异己抗原的细胞
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Another subset of T-cells called T helper cells will recognize that signal by direct contact with it, and they will become activated and proliferate.
另外一个T细胞的亚群是辅助性T细胞,辅助性T细胞可识别与其接触的抗原信号,并被激活,开始增殖
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The antibody that they stimulate is antibody that's specific to this antigen that was presented earlier.
这些由辅助性T细胞,刺激增殖产生的抗体是,对应之前出现的抗原而产生的
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Now, for antibody production it is still a T-cell that recognizes the antigen presenting cell.
现在,抗体的产生,仍是源于T淋巴细胞识别出抗原呈递细胞
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They come from B-cells, they come from B-cells that are activated with a specific antigen.
抗体来自于B细胞,它们来自于被特别的抗原所激活的B细胞
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Because it has MHC-1, your MHC-1 on it, this T-cell recognizes that it's one of your cells but it has a foreign antigen associated with it.
因为该细胞上有MHC-1,T细胞将这些细胞识别为自身细胞,但这些细胞带有异己抗原
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In the case of the helper cells they stimulate a specific population of B-cells to mature into antibody producing cells, and that antibody is generated against the antigen that stimulated it.
以辅助性T细胞为例,辅助性T细胞刺激特定的B细胞,使这些细胞成长为抗体分泌细胞,抗体分泌细胞产生大量的抗体,以消灭大量增殖的抗原
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We talked about host cells that are perhaps infected with a virus, displaying pieces of that virus, antigenic pieces of that virus in the context of a surface receptor called MHC-1, presenting that.
我们说到过,可能受到病毒感染的宿主细胞,表现出病毒的一部分特征,病毒的抗原部分,其表面受体称为主要组织相容性抗原-1,MHC-1负责呈递抗原
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Immune cells recognize it, and they recognize it by a very special form of receptor-ligand interaction where the ligand is MHC1 with the foreign antigen and the receptor is a receptor called the T-cell receptor complex.
免疫细胞识别出染病细胞,通过一种特殊形式的,受体配体协作机制识别出来,其中的配体是同,外源抗原共同出现的MHC1,而这其中受体是T细胞受体复合体
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Then those antigens get expressed with MHC just like they did in all the other cells inside the host, but particular cells of the innate immune system have a different kind of MHC called MHC2.
这些抗原同MHC共表达,就如同抗原在其他宿主细胞中那样,但先天免疫系统有一类特殊的免疫细胞,具有一种称为MHC2的不同MHC
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