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That's what's illustrated here with the end result being that there's some change in the life of the cell.
这里显示的是,在信号放大传递后,细胞内发生的变化
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One of the things that happens is that certain cells within your body process the vaccine or the antigen and we talked about that.
在人体内,发生的反应之一是,特定的细胞对疫苗或者抗原做出反应,之前我们讨论过这个
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There's a diverse range of responses that might occur, but that response is initiated by this simple chemical process of a ligand binding to a receptor.
细胞对外界信号可能会发生不同的反应,但这些反应都源自,配体和受体结合这个简单的化学过程
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By cell/cell contact, I mean that there's a receptor in one cell that makes some kind of a chemical interaction with a receptor in another cell.
通过细胞之间的接触,我的意思是在一种细胞上的受体,能与另一细胞上的受体发生某种化学反应
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It does that through a complex set of sort of cellular interactions, and it turns out also gene rearrangements if you go further to study that.
而这此过程中,发生了一系列复杂的细胞间的相互作用,也会涉及到基因重排,如果你们深入学习的话就会学到
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Mitosis is one event that happens during this larger event called the cell cycle.
有丝分裂就是发生在,较大的细胞周期中的一个小一点的环节
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This is one of the kinds of differences that develop that happens during development and cells somehow know where they are within this developing asymmetrical organism.
这是发育过程中,发生的一种变化,而且细胞似乎知道它们,在这个非对称发育生物体中的位置
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As division happens and the developing organism acquires more and more cells, individual cells become differentiated, they become more and more like their final mature form.
分裂过程不断发生,以及发育中的有机体对更多细胞的需求,细胞个体便逐渐分化,它们越来越接近成熟细胞的样子
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When they receive the signal they make - they change in a very specific way and the cell can recognize this change that's occurred at the cell surface.
当它们接收到信号之后,就会发生十分特殊的变化,细胞能够识别自身表面发生的这种变化
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That changes a cell and here's some examples of it.
有些事例就可以说明细胞发生的变化
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When it does it makes biochemical changes inside the cells and one of the things it does is increase glucose uptake into certain kinds of cells, particularly fat cells and muscle cells.
这导致细胞内部发生生物化学变化,其中的一个变化是,某些细胞开始增加对糖分的摄取,尤其是脂肪细胞和肌细胞
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That infection occurs because of a ligand receptor interaction on the cell surface where the virus itself is the ligand and it takes advantage of a receptor that's expressed on the cell surface.
感染的发生是由于,配体与细胞表面受体相互作用,病毒是配体,它利用了在,细胞表面表达的受体
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In the time it takes for one cell division to occur, it could be that this cell entraps a different chemical composition of the cytoplasm then this entraps, and that's a well known concept.
当一个细胞分裂发生期间,很可能这个细胞截留了一种不同的,细胞质化学组分,这种非对称分裂是一个广为人知的概念
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We're going to talk in some detail, not a very high level of detail, but in some detail about how this communication takes place between cells and how the information is passed down one of these cells today.
我们还要讨论些细节问题,但不是太深,今天只讲细胞间通讯的发生原理,和信息怎样从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞
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If that protein is an enzyme then you've and you've switched it from an 'off' position where it's not catalyzing a reaction to an 'on' position where it is, you've changed the biochemical state of the cell, you've changed the chemical reactions that can occur within the cell, and you've changed its behavior.
如果这种蛋白是一种酶的话,你就能够将酶从无催化作用的静息态,激活至能催化反应的激活态,你改变了细胞的生化状态,也改变了细胞内发生的化学反应,改变了细胞的行为
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Insulin, the ligand binds to its receptor, creates a change through a kinase activity that's exposed, which leads to other biochemical changes, which leads to a change in cell behavior - in this case the cell behavior is that more glucose transporters are brought to the membrane and more glucose can enter the cell.
胰岛素,一种能够与受体结合的配体,通过其暴露出的激酶活性引起的变化,导致了其它后续生化变化的发生,进而使细胞行为发生改变,这个例子中的细胞行为就是,更多的糖载体被带到细胞膜表面,这样更多的糖分子进入到细胞内部
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So, when the right signal is received, the right T-cell finds your host cell with a foreign virus in it, the first thing that happens is that this T-cell becomes activated and it starts reproducing, making more copies of itself.
所以 当接收到正确的信号,恰当的T细胞寻觅到,感染外源病毒的细胞时,首先发生的是,T细胞被激活并开始增殖,制造更多自身拷贝
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