They often involve the generation of what are called 'second messenger' molecules which carry the signal further into the cell.

过程中通常会生成一种叫做,第二信使的分子,将信号更深入地传递至细胞内部

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Now, one of the advantages of having second messengers is this is one way that you can integrate between different receptor systems that are acting inside a cell.

使用第二信使分子的好处在于,它能够将,作用于细胞内部不同的,受体系统结合起来

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Sometimes second messengers collect signals from a variety of different receptor systems, translate them into one kind of internal change, and the cell then just has to know about that one thing changing.

第二信使分子能够收集,来自不同受体系统的信号,将它们转化为同一种细胞内在的变化,这样细胞就只需对一种变化作出反应

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When a certain enzyme is activated inside cells, ATP gets converted into a molecule called cyclic AMP, and cyclic AMP is an example of one of these molecules called second messengers.

细胞内的某种酶被激活后,ATP就能转化为一种叫cAMP的分子,cAMP是一种第二信使分子的范例

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选