When we discuss clinical psychology and depression we'll learn the extent to which neurotransmitter disorders are implicated in certain disorders like depression.

等我们探讨临床心理学以及抑郁症的时候,就会知道神经递质代谢障碍,对抑郁症这样的心理障碍的影响程度了

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But in general, for each neurotransmitter that released it there would only be one population of receptors that's ready to receive it.

但总体说,每一种在此释放的神经递质,只能被一类受体接受

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And one problem is that "For depression" is that there's too little of a neurotransmitter known as serotonin.

抑郁症的问题就在于,缺乏一种叫做血清素的神经递质

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Because if it was a neurotransmitter activated ion channel, what would happen when the neurotransmitter bound here?

因为假如这是一个,神经递质激活的离子通道,当神经递质结合于此的时候,会发生些什么呢

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There are two sorts of ways you could fiddle with neurotransmitters, and correspondingly two sorts of drugs.

你可以通过两种方式来控制神经递质,相应地,也就有两种对应的药物

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And one factor in Parkinson's is too little of a neurotransmitter known as dopamine.

引起帕金森症的一个病因,便是严重缺乏一种叫做多巴胺的神经递质

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Many neurotransmitters that carry signals between neurons in your brain work this way.

在脑部神经元细胞中,传递信号的神经递质分子的,作用原理就是如此

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Then, there are antagonists that slow down the amount of neurotransmitters, either because they destroy neurotransmitters or they make it hard to create more.

另一种是抑制剂,抑制剂会抑制神经递质的释放量,有可能是通过破坏神经递质而实现,也可能是通过抑制神经递质的生成而实现

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In particular, they increase the amount of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that's responsible for just general arousal.

具体来说,安非他命会引起,去甲肾上腺素释放量的增加,去甲肾上腺素,是种负责一般性唤醒的神经递质

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Or in some cases they go to the dendrite of the neuron and they kind of put a paste over it so that the neurotransmitters can't connect.

有时这些药物会渗透到神经元的树突,这些药物就像是在树突上涂了一层涂料,使得神经递质无法将树突与轴突相连

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Neurotransmitters are molecules you've heard of like acetylcholine, like dopamine, like serotonin.

一些神经递质分子 你们可能听说过,像乙酰胆碱,多巴胺,血清素

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Now, how they carry signals is that these neurotransmitters act as ligands.

它们传递信号的原理如下,神经递质作为一种配体

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These chemicals are known as neurotransmitters and they affect the dendrites.

这些化学物质被称为神经递质,它们会作用于树突上

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They're synthesized, they're packaged into vesicles, and then they're just waiting.

神经递质不断合成 包装进小泡中,时刻准备着

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Now, neurotransmitters become interesting because a lot of psychopharmacology, both of the medical sort and the recreational sort, consists of fiddling with neurotransmitters and so you could see this through some examples.

神经递质非常的有意思,因为很多类型的精神药理学,不论是医疗类的还是消遣类的,都在研究对神经递质的控制,所以你们可以通过些例子来了解这一点

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This process, which is shown schematically here, as a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane and then dropping its neurotransmitter only happens when an action potential reaches the end of the axon.

这一过程 扼要地展示在这里,小泡同细胞膜融合,释放其神经递质,这只发生在动作电位抵达轴突末梢时

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And what an agonist does is increases the effect of neurotransmitters, either by making more neurotransmitters or stopping the cleanup of neurotransmitters, or in some cases by faking a neurotransmitter, by mimicking its effects.

兴奋剂会增加神经递质的作用效果,有可能是通过释放更多的神经递质而实现,也可能是通过阻止神经递质的排出而实现,也有时候是通过伪造神经递质,通过模仿神经递质的效果来实现的

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In some cells they're recycled, that is the cell is able to take up the neurotransmitter after it's released and restore it, but most often there are enzyme systems inside the pre-synaptic membrane where those neurotransmitters are synthesized.

在一些细胞中神经递质可以循环利用,这些细胞可以吸收,已经释放出的神经递质并重新储存起来,但更常见的是突触前膜中含有酶系统,在此合成神经递质

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Well, one reason to do this is because on each post-synaptic neuron there might be many axons coming together at once, and each one might be generating a different kind of signal, through maybe even different neurotransmitters.

嗯 一个原因是在每个,突触后神经元上可能有,许多同时到达的轴突,每个都可能通过不同的神经递质,产生不同的信号

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If you could look inside a pre-synaptic axon terminal, you would find one of the characteristics is that it's loaded with these vesicles and they're just sitting there waiting to receive an action potential so that they can immediately dump their contents.

如果你能够一窥突触前的轴突末梢内部,你将会发现一个共同特征,神经递质都装载在小泡中,时刻准备着等待动作电位激活,以便迅速释放其内含物

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This is generally the general introduction of the brain that I wanted to provide, giving the framework for what I'll be talking about later on throughout the course so that I might later on make reference to neurons or neurotransmitters or the cortex or the left hemisphere and you'll sort of have the background to understand what I'm talking about.

以上这些就是我所要讲的,关于大脑的综述,为我以后要讲的课程,建立起框架,往后我可能会提到神经元,神经递质,大脑皮层,或是大脑左半球,而拥有了背景知识的你们,便能够理解我在讲些什么

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