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So, the more enlightened view is, corporations only pay a stock dividend when they have some good news to announce.
所以更有说服力的观点是,公司发放股票股利的唯一原因是,他们有利好消息要公布了
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When I set up a company--Case Shiller Weiss, Inc.-- typical of young start up companies,we didn't pay a dividend.
当我开公司时,卡魏施有限公司,并没发放股利,这是年轻公司的通常做法
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If a firm is competing against a customer let's say for a non-prime loan perhaps that assumption is not quite so safe.
如果一家公司在和客户博弈,比如发放说次级贷款,可能假设不是那么完备
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So, you have neurons and they're clustered together and they fire and they communicate to one another.
所以,你有很多的神经元,它们聚集在一起,发放神经冲动,彼此间相互联系
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It runs about six minutes, so I'm going to let that go now.
这个大约要发放6分钟，现在开始放。
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There's a lot of engineering that we've already talked about in terms of producing quantities of the vaccine, producing it reliably, producing it safe, distributing it, and keeping track requires a level of sophistication that maybe you wouldn't have thought about initially.
我们已经讲过很多工程方面的内容,比如大批量制造疫苗,制造可靠的疫苗,制造安全的疫苗,分派发放疫苗,以及一个完善的随访监测系统,你们最早可能没有想过这些冬夜
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So what banks offer is liquidity -the ability to borrow short even though the loans that are made are long-term.
而银行就提供了流动性,即接受短期存款,但可以发放长期贷款的能力
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It did it through banks; they gave the money to banks to make loans to people who were in trouble.
贷款还是通过银行发放,他们把钱给银行,然后由银行向有困难的人放贷
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The originator is the one makes the loan; the servicer is someone who manages the paying of the loan.
原始权益人是发放贷款的人,服务人员是负责管理贷款偿还的人
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Sometimes companies will announce that they are paying not a cash dividend, but they're paying a stock dividend.
有时公司会宣布,他们不发放现金股利,取而代之的是股票股利
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So Savings and Loans, traditionally, have made most of their loans in the form of home mortgages.
所以传统的储贷协会,所发放的贷款多为购房抵押贷款
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So they've given as of today it's eighty billion dollars on the term.
所以，他们发放了，现如今来看,在这种情况下，八百亿美元。
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This is what they actually send out-- this is cash sent out to shareholders.
这是他们实际发放的,实际发放给股东的现金
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I think the simplest way to understand Modigliani-Miller proposition is the following: imagine that we, as a board, decided to pay a dividend of $5 a share.
理解莫迪利阿尼和米勒命题,最简单的方式是,假设我们构成了一个董事会,决定以每股5美元的比例发放股利
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So the Bank of England then became a kind of regulator of these banks and it would also loan to them when they were in trouble.
所以，英格兰银行当时,成为了众多银行的管制者,并且在它们陷入危机时,向它们发放贷款。
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You give shares to someone who is contributing to the enterprise.
你向某人发放股票,以肯定他对公司做出的贡献
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They should have been watching, under Reagan, because if you let them pay high interest rates you better watch out that they don't make risky loans if you're insuring them.
在里根的执政下,他们本应该进行监管,因为如果你准许机构支付高利率,且对他们进行保险,你最好进行监管,防止他们发放高危贷款
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Subprime refers to mortgages, which is not the subject of today's lecture, but a subprime mortgage is a mortgage issued to a borrower who is not considered prime--not a good risk.
次贷指的是次级抵押贷款,这不属于今天的讨论范围之内,次级抵押贷款是发放给特殊借款人的,他们不是优质客户,也就是说风险较大
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The problem is then that these were sold to low-income people, in many cases, who didn't understand what they were getting and that after two years the interest rate would reset up.
问题是贷款在一开始是发放给低收入人群,很多情况下,那些人并不理解这种贷款,或者说他们不知道利率在两年后会重设
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The idea, of course, is that we have a legal entity--a corporation-- that issues shares that are either given to people or purchased by people and the idea is that shares represent contributions.
最初的做法是,一个法人实体即公司,发行股票,然后发放或卖给人们,理念就是,股票象征着贡献
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If they're sending out money, the value of the company has to go down by whatever they sent out.
如果他们发放现金的话,公司的价值将降低相同数量,不管是以什么方式
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Since the 1990s, we've seen a proliferation of new kinds of mortgages that especially are offered to low-income people by certain lenders.
从20世纪90年代,我们看到一种新型抵押贷款在快速发展,它由特定贷款人向低收入人群发放
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It's a little different if they buy-- suppose you own a hundred shares and they declare a 5% cash dividend,then you get $5.
但又有些不同,如果他们买进...,假设你有一百股股票,他们宣布发放5%股利,你拿到五美元
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The traditional commercial bank would accept deposits from businesses and make loans to businesses.
早期的商业银行吸收商业存款,并发放商业贷款
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They can do it on rare occasions, or they can do it whenever they feel like it, or they can do it regularly; it's often done quarterly.
他们可以偶尔为之,也可以在任何时间发放,或者定期发放,一般是一季一发
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Saving and Loan Associations, by the way, no longer exclusively limit themselves to mortgage lending -either they do home improvement lending and auto loans and the like as well.
顺便提一下,储贷协会,现在也不仅限于发放抵押贷款,他们也发放住房装修贷款,及汽车消费贷款之类的
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Also, if the earnings drop, they don't want to suddenly do a crash cut in their dividends either, so they're always sluggishly adjusting toward the target payout rate.
同样,如果收益下降,他们不想匆忙的把股利降下来,所以他们总是慢慢的,朝着目标股利发放率靠近
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Congress thought that these people could be given more money to operate if someone would buy the mortgages from them, so Fannie Mae started doing that in 1938.
国会认为若从他们那买走抵押贷款,他们就有更多资金去发放贷款,因此房利美从1938年开始运作
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Well, you should be absolutely unexcited because it doesn't mean anything; if they were giving you extra shares and just you alone, that would be great--that would be good.
你根本不应该感到高兴,因为这没有什么意义,如果他们只给你一人发放股票,这就是件好事
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They ran with a lot of loans that turned out bad.
他们发放的大量贷款变为坏账
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